1. The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the A) aggregate. B) organelle. C) organism. D) membrane. E) cell.

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1 Name: Date: Test File Questions 1. The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the A) aggregate. B) organelle. C) organism. D) membrane. E) cell. 2. A cell A) can be composed of many types of tissues. B) is found only in plants and animals. C) is the smallest entity studied by biologists. D) may be a distinct entity or a building block of a more complex organism. E) All of the above 3. Darwin noted that all populations have potential to grow, but that in nature most populations over time. A) limited; are stable B) unlimited; grow more slowly C) limited; fluctuate unpredictably D) unlimited; are stable E) limited; decrease slowly 4. A species is A) all the organisms that live together in a particular area. B) a group of morphologically similar organisms that cannot interbreed. C) a group of morphologically similar organisms capable of interbreeding. D) an adult organism and all of its offspring. E) a group of morphologically similar organisms that live in the same area. Page 1

2 5. Based on the large numbers of offspring produced by many organisms, Darwin proposed that mortality was high and only a few individuals survived to reproduce. He called the differential reproductive success of individuals with particular variations A) evolution. B) artificial selection. C) the cell theory. D) natural selection. E) inheritance of acquired characteristics. 6. A key point in Darwin's explanation of evolution is that A) the biological structures most likely inherited are those that have become better suited to the environment through constant use. B) mutations that occur are those that will help future generations fit into their environments. C) any trait that confers even a small increase in the probability that its possessor will survive and reproduce will be strongly favored and will spread through the population. D) genes change in order to help organisms cope with problems encountered within their environments. E) extinction is nature's way of weeding out undeserving organisms. 7. Which of the following statements is true? A) The diversity of life has depended on similar environments and ecological communities. B) The nature and diversity of life have changed over time. C) Earth has existed and changed over a few thousand years. D) Ancestral forms of life were very similar to the organisms that currently exist. E) Earth has existed and changed over only a hundred years. 8. All living organisms acquire from their environment. A) food B) nutrients C) sunlight D) heterotrophs E) autotrophs Page 2

3 9. Which of the following represents a correct ordering of the levels of complexity at which life is studied, from most simple to most complex? A) Cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community B) Community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell C) Cell, organ, tissue, organism, population, community D) Cell, tissue, organ, population, organism, community E) Tissue, organ, cell, population, organism, community 10. Earth is approximately years old. A) 4 5 billion B) 4 5 trillion C) 4 5 million D) 6,000 E) trillion 11. It is thought that the process by which some prokaryotes were consumed by, then integrated into, other prokaryotes took place about years ago. A) 4,000 B) 10,000 C) 1.5 million D) 1.5 billion E) 1.5 trillion 12. Metabolism is A) the consumption of energy. B) the release of energy. C) all conversions of matter and energy taking place in an organism. D) the production of heat by chemical reactions. E) the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the environment. 13. The initial accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere was the result of photosynthesis from an organism most like modern A) cyanobacteria. B) algae. C) mosses. D) kelp. E) eukaryotes. Page 3

4 14. A prerequisite for the survival of life on land was the accumulation of A) O 2. B) CO 2. C) water vapor. D) O 3. E) bacteria in the soil. 15. The chemical formula for ozone is A) O. B) O 2. C) H 2 O 2. D) O 3. E) None of the above 16. Ozone is important to life on Earth because it A) is toxic to all forms of life. B) can be used in place of oxygen. C) blocks much ultraviolet radiation. D) provides energy to some basic forms of life. E) acts as a disinfectant. 17. Most must obtain their energy from the sun. A) plants B) bacteria C) organisms D) heterotrophs E) autotrophs 18. Plants are A) eukaryotic, multicellular photosynthesizers. B) eukaryotic, unicellular autotrophs. C) eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs. D) prokaryotic, multicellular autotrophs. E) prokaryotic, unicellular heterotrophs. Page 4

5 19. When biologists organize species into groups, they attempt to do so based on A) physical similarities. B) ecological niches. C) chronological order. D) degree of relatedness. E) All of the above 20. Scientists group species on an evolutionary tree based on A) the fossil record. B) physical structures. C) gene similarities. D) All of the above E) None of the above 21. Domain Eukarya includes A) protists B) Kingdom Plantae. C) Kingdom Fungi. D) Kingdom Animalia. E) All of the above 22. An evolutionary tree A) shows evolutionary relationships. B) places the most closely related groups on the same branch of the tree. C) places the organisms that share a common ancestor on the same branch of the tree. D) shows the order in which populations split and evolved into new species. E) All of the above 23. The branching patterns of the evolutionary Tree of Life are based on a rich array of evidence from A) fossils. B) DNA sequencing. C) metabolic processes. D) Both a and c E) All of the above Page 5

6 24. Heterotrophs cannot obtain their energy directly from A) food. B) autotrophs. C) other heterotrophs. D) complex chemical substances. E) sunlight. 25. Members of the kingdom Animalia obtain their energy directly from A) decomposing organic matter. B) photosynthesis. C) other organisms. D) sunlight. E) inorganic molecules. 26. Heterotrophs obtain their energy from A) fungi. B) water. C) other organisms. D) vitamins. E) heat. 27. Which of the following is not a major step in the hypothetico-deductive method? A) Controlling an environment B) Making an observation C) Forming a hypothesis D) Making a prediction E) Testing a prediction 28. After observing that fish live in clean water but not in polluted water, you make the statement, polluted water kills fish. Your statement is an example of A) scientific inquiry. B) biological evolution. C) a prediction. D) a hypothesis. E) a theory. Page 6

7 29. The key purpose of any single experiment is to A) obtain accurate quantitative measurements. B) prove unambiguously that a particular hypothesis is correct. C) avoid comparative analysis. D) answer as many key questions as possible. E) test predictions that are based on hypotheses. 30. Which of the following is not a feature of scientific hypotheses? A) They are unable to be falsified. B) They make predictions. C) They are based on observations. D) They can be tested by experimentation. E) They can be tested by observational analysis. 31. Which of the following statements about Pieter Johnson's experiments on frog limb deformities is correct? A) In a set of comparative experiments, he had to reject his hypothesis that environmental contaminants were causing limb deformities in the frogs. B) As a result of his comparative experiments, he formed a new hypothesis that snails were causing the limb deformities in the frogs. C) His comparative experiments compared the effects of snails and parasites on producing limb deformities in frogs by exposing frog larvae to snails only, parasites only, and snails and parasites together. D) He reasoned that if infection of the frog tadpoles by the parasite Ribeiroia caused developmental limb deformities, then he could cause such deformities simply by allowing tadpoles to develop with Ribeiroia in the tadpoles' environment. This is an example of inductive logic. E) The limb abnormality rate in tadpoles raised in the presence of the parasite Alaria is significantly different from the abnormality rate of tadpoles raised in the absence of Alaria. 32. Which of the following statements about the scientific method is correct? A) Deductive logic is used to make predictions from a hypothesis. B) The most informative experiments are those that have the ability to show that a hypothesis is correct. C) In a comparative experiment, a scientist compares groups that differ in a variable that has been manipulated in one of the groups and left unaltered in the other group. D) Controlled experiments are valuable when we do not know or cannot control the critical variables. E) A statistical test of a hypothesis starts with the premise that a significant difference exists between the groups in the study. Page 7

8 33. The advantage of controlled experiments is that A) all variables are held constant except one. B) the hypothesis is proven right. C) patterns can be predicted. D) investigations can be carried out in the field. E) a massive amount of data can be synthesized. 34. Which of the following statements is false? A) Statistical methods are applied to data in order to calculate the likelihood that the null hypothesis is incorrect. B) Statistical tests analyze variation and calculate the probability that the observed differences could be due to random variation. C) Statistical tests can be used to evaluate both comparative and controlled experiments. D) Scientists generally conclude that the differences they measure are true if the statistical tests show that the probability of error is 5 percent or lower. E) The power of science derives from absolute dependence on evidence that comes from reproducible and quantifiable observations. 35. Which of the following questions cannot be answered using the hypothetico-deductive method? A) Are bees more attracted to red roses than to yellow roses? B) Are red roses more beautiful than yellow roses? C) Why are red roses red? D) Do red roses bloom earlier than yellow roses? E) Are red roses more susceptible to mildew than yellow roses? 36. Most living organisms consist of one or more, contain that is used to themselves, are genetically related, have, and can regulate their. 37. are structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism's chance of survival and reproduction in its environment. 38. Currently, scientists agree with the estimate that life first appeared approximately years ago. 39. Fatlike molecules were the critical ingredient in the enclosure of biological molecules in because these molecules are in water and tend to form membrane-like. Page 8

9 40. About years ago, prokaryotes acquired the ability to photosynthesize. 41. Some organelles in eukaryotes can be described as within a cell. 42. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack. 43. The total chemical activity of a living organism is its. 44. Single-celled organisms that lack discrete intracellular compartments belong to the two kingdoms called and. 45. There are three domains used to categorize life forms that have evolved separately for about a billion years:,, and. 46. As many as species inhabit Earth. 47. A Pacific tree frog has the scientific nomenclature of Hyla regilla. This particular tree frog belongs to the genus. 48. An shows the evolutionary relationships among species. 49. Multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic belong to the kingdom called. 50. Fungi and animals are both. 51. Nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that ingest their food and absorb the products of digestion belong to the kingdom called. 52. All scientific study begins with making observations, asking questions, and forming testable. Page 9

10 53. The hypothesis states that no difference exists due to the variable under investigation. 54. Diagram - From the diagram below it can be determined that A) there are three groups of Eukarya. B) protists and bacteria have no common ancestor. C) plants and fungi have a more recent common ancestor than plants and animals. D) plants, fungi, and animals are descendants of different microbial eukaryotic ancestors. E) Archaea is the evolutionarily ancient group. Page 10

11 Answer Key 1. E 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. D 21. E 22. E 23. E 24. E 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. E 30. A 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. B 36. cells; genetic information; reproduce; evolved; internal environment. 37. Adaptations billion 39. membranes; not soluble; films billion 41. cells 42. discrete intracellular compartments 43. metabolism 44. Archaea; Bacteria Page 11

12 45. Archaea; Bacteria; Eukarya million 47. Hyla 48. evolutionary tree 49. Plantae 50. multicellular heterotrophs 51. Animalia 52. hypotheses 53. null 54. D Page 12

Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Figure 1.0_1 Chapter 1: