4) Outline the major developments that allowed life to exist on Earth.
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1 Objectives 4) Outline the major developments that allowed life to exist on Earth. 5) Describe the types of organisms that arose during the four major divisions of the geologic time scale. Each layer of the Earth can tell us: The events that occurred when that layer was formed. The organisms that lived during that time. Geologic time is divided into 4 eras based on major events in the history of life on Earth. Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic 1
2 Precambrian time began when the Earth originated 4.6 billion years ago. Precambrian time ended about 540 million years ago. During this time life began and transformed the planet. Before living organisms occupied the Earth: The atmosphere lacked oxygen but was rich with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Violent thunderstorms and volcanoes were common. UV rays bombarded the surface of the Earth. 2
3 Based on scientific evidence, scientists hypothesize that life developed from non-living matter. Chemicals Gases in the atmosphere Energy emitted by lightening Small complex molecules floated in the ancient oceans and combined to become more complicated. These molecules became the first true cells: Anaerobic Prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) 3
4 Cyanobacteria showed up about 3 billion years ago. The atmosphere (air) was mostly ammonia. Cyanobacteria: bacteria that photosynthesize food from the sun. They produce oxygen as a byproduct. Cyanobacteria produced so much oxygen that it changed the Earth s atmosphere. Ammonia to Oxygen-rich With the Earth s atmosphere filled with oxygen: Oxygen combined to form a layer of Ozone. Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun. UV radiation damages DNA and causes mutations. UV rays are absorbed and reflected by water. Organisms were forced to live underground or under water to avoid UV ray exposure. The layer of Ozone now surrounding the Earth allowed organisms to live above ground and out of the water. 4
5 About 2.9 billion years ago: the first eukaryotic cells appeared in the fossil record. Eukaryote: has nucleus and a complicated internal structure. Over the next 2.5 billion years, eukaryotic cells evolved into multicellular organisms. 5
6 The Paleozoic Era began 540 million years ago and ended 248 million years ago. Paleozoic = Early Life Common Paleozoic organisms include: Sponges Coral Snails Clams Squids Trilobites Fish (first animals with a backbone) 6
7 Plants, fungi and air-breathing animals came onto dry land during the Paleozoic era. All major plant groups except for flowering plants covered the Earth during this time. Insects were the first land-dwelling animals followed by small fish/reptile-like animals. Near the end of the Paleozoic new animals appeared: Reptiles Winged insects Dragonflies 7
8 About 248 million years ago there was a mass extinction. 90% of marine species died out. Plant, reptile and marine species that survived were the ancestors for all Mesozoic species. Because of the new environment, there was a burst of evolution to start the Mesozoic Era. The Mesozoic Era began about 248 million years ago and ended about 65 million years ago. Mesozoic = middle life Mesozoic is also referred to as the Age of Reptiles Dinosaurs and other large reptiles ruled the Earth Because of the burst of evolution after the Paleozoic, there was great diversity among the surviving species. Animals and plants branched off dramatically from the previous species. 8
9 Early Mesozoic: Large land-dwelling reptiles, large forests of cone-bearing trees Late Mesozoic: First mammals, birds and flowering plants appeared. 9
10 After 183 million years, a large meteorite hit the earth and generated large dust clouds and forest fires. Sunlight was blocked from reaching the Earth. Plants could not photosynthesize. The Earth s climate became colder. Only a few living things survived this mass extinction including small mammals. These surviving organisms are the ancestors of all life on Earth today. 10
11 The Cenozoic era began about 65 million years ago and continues today. Cenozoic = Recent Life Organisms of the Cenozoic era include all modern animals and plants and their ancestors. Fossils give us evidence to ancestral species that are now extinct. 11
12 Fossils Video 12
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