Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale

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Marshall Dominick Holmes
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1 Study of Biology 1

2 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2

3 All Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1. Basic Unit is the Cell 2. They Reproduce 3. All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA) 4. Grow & Develop 3

4 Common Characteristics 5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy 6. Respond To Their Environment 7. Maintain A Stable Internal Environment 8. AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time 4

5 Characteristics of Organisms 5

6 All Organisms are made of Cells 6

7 Facts About Cells Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism All cells contain living material called cytoplasm All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell 7

8 More Cell Facts Cells are complex & highly organized Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars 8

9 More Cell Facts The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Bacteria are examples 9

10 More Cell Facts More complex cells are called Eukaryotes These cells DO have a nucleus and membranebound organelles Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples 10

11 Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells Unicellular Organisms Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell Multicellular Organisms Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells 11

12 Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits 12

13 Two Types of Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Involves 2 parents Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE Offspring DIFFERENT from parents 13

14 Two Types of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cell Cell divides Offspring IDENTICAL to parent 14

15 Cells Have a Genetic Code 15

16 Genetic Code DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms All organisms contain DNA DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work 16

17 Organisms Grow & Develop 17

18 Growth & Development Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism 18

19 Cells Require Food & Energy 19

20 Food Requirements Autotrophs can make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis) Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy 20

21 Food Requirements Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food They must consume other organisms Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat meat Omnivores eat plants & animals 21

22 Metabolism Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism All require energy Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth 22

23 Metabolism Cellular Respiration Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 23

24 Organisms Respond to Stimuli Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce 24

25 Homeostasis Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life Stable internal conditions of ph, temperature, water balance, etc. 25

26 Living Things Evolve Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms 26

27 Life is Organized on Several Levels 27

28 Levels Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells life starts here Tissues Organs System Organism 28

29 Levels Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere 29

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Characteristics of Living Things

Characteristics of Living Things All Living Things Are made up of units called cells A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive Types of Cellular Organisms Unicellular Uni