Unit 5: Taxonomy. KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
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1 KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
2 Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak: Quercus alba A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
3 Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics two parts are the genus name and species descriptor
4 A genus includes one or more physically similar species. Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. always lowercase always follows genus name; never written alone Tyto alba
5 Scientific names help scientists to communicate. Some species have very similar common names. Some species have many common names.
6 Linnaeus classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
7 The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn t account for molecular evidence. The technology didn t exist during Linneaus time. Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.
8 Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
9 KEY CONCEPT Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history.
10 Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species. This rate is the ticking of the molecular clock. As more time passes, there will be more mutations. Mutations add up at a fairly constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor. DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor Ten million years later one mutation in each lineage The DNA sequences from two descendant species show mutations that have accumulated (black). Another ten million years later one more mutation in each lineage The mutation rate of this sequence equals one mutation per ten million years.
11 Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data and real time. an event known to separate species the first appearance of a species in fossil record
12 Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks. Different molecules have different mutation rates. higher rate, better for studying closely related species lower rate, better for studying distantly related species
13 Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species. mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring grandparents mitochondrial DNA nuclear DNA parents Mitochondrial DNA is passed down only from the mother of each generation,so it is not subject to recombination. child Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, making it more difficult to trace back through generations.
14 Ribosomal RNA is used to study distantly related species. many conservative regions lower mutation rate than most DNA
15 KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.
16 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae
17 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae Protista
18 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Plantae Protista Monera
19 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi Plantae Protista Monera
20 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera 1959: fungi moved to Archea own kingdom 1977: kingdom Monera Fungi Bacteria split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
21 The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rrna studies of prokaryotes domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
22 Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused
23 Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. cell walls chemically different from bacteria differences discovered by studying RNA known for living in extreme environments
24 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista
25 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae
26 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi
27 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia
28 Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction blurs the line between species more research needed to understand prokaryotes bridge to transfer DNA
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