Chapter 18 Work sheet

Transcription

1 Chapter 18 Work sheet True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Archaebacteria will appear like gram-negative eubacteria when a gram stain is applied. 2. The two forms of archaebacteria that can be found near volcanoes are thermoacidophiles and halophiles. 3. If a researcher wanted to use rod-shaped bacteria in her experiment, she should use a type of bacilli. 4. Animals are dependent on bacteria for nitrogen compounds made biologically available through their decomposition activities. 5. The strain of E. coli in your intestines can be very harmful to your health. 6. All antibiotic medicines are made of chemicals produced by fungi. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Agricultural manure is a significant waste problem. Even though some of it can be used as fertilizer, it is produced in excess. The manure not only has a foul odor, but contains pathogens, including harmful bacteria, that enter the soil and water sources. Recently, a compound isolated from the thyme plant, called thymol, has been used in farm feedlots where the manure accumulates. Thymol is a natural antiseptic (compound that kills bacteria) and has proved effective in reducing both the odor and the levels of the harmful bacteria. 1. In what other products do you think thymol could most likely be used in? a. oven cleaner c. body lotion b. mouthwash d. furniture polish 2. Strains of bacteria that survive a treatment of thymol likely do so as a result of which process? a. respiration c. mutation b. vaccination d. nitrogen fixation 3. Which type of prokaryote is most likely found in agricultural manure? a. thermophile c. halophile b. autotroph d. saprotroph

2 Figure Figure 18-1 illustrates cell-wall structures of two types of prokaryotes. Which of the following statements about these prokaryotes is accurate? a. Type A is an archaebacteria. b. Type B resists a gram stain. c. Type B is in the endospore stage. d. Type A is antibiotic resistant. 5. Which of the following actions would increase nutrient levels in farm soil? a. adding various types of detrivores into the soil b. increasing the amount of crops grown in the soil c. adding natural predators, such as ladybugs, to keep pests away d. increase the amount of water given to the crops 6. Nitrogen levels were measured in two adjacent crop fields. One field showed twice the levels of the other field. What is most likely true about the field with the higher levels of nitrogen? a. The land had more shade-giving trees. b. The crop was soybeans or alfalfa. c. The land received larger amounts of water. d. The crops were planted closer together. 7. A food company wanted to develop a new flavor of cheese. To select which type of bacteria to use, what characteristic of the bacteria should most likely be evaluated first? a. How quickly it breaks down milkfat. b. The final taste that would be produced. c. Whether or not the bacteria is safe for consumption. d. Whether or not the bacteria occurs naturally in the human body. 8. A teacher wishes to use two simple objects to demonstrate the relative sizes of a typical virus and bacterial cell. Which two objects should the teacher use for this demonstration? a. nickel and quarter b. marble and basketball c. baseball and softball d. marble and football field 9. Which is a characteristic of a retrovirus?

3 a. lacking a capsid c. protein genome b. RNA genome d. capsid of DNA A student outlined the following steps of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection of bacterial cells: 1. Virus lands on host cell. 2. Virus injects the capsid containing its DNA into the cell. 3. Viral DNA is used by bacteria to make virus parts. 4. New viruses are assembled in the bacterial cell. 10. In which step did the student make an error? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d What step should the student add as #5 in the outline? a. The bacterial cell divides. b. The new viruses release their DNA. c. The virus becomes a part of the bacteria. d. The new viruses break out of the cell. 12. Which step would the student need to add to describe a lysogenic cycle? a. The bacterial wall fuses with the capsid. b. The bacterial DNA is replaced by the viral DNA. c. The viral DNA becomes a part of the bacterial DNA. d. The viral proteins are used to make new viruses. 13. A scientist was trying to determine whether a virus that caused disease in dogs could be transmitted to humans. Which research procedure was most likely chosen for this project? a. Study the complete life cycle of the virus in detail. b. Inject the viral DNA directly into human cells and observe the results. c. Identify the receptors used on the dog cell and compare them to human cell receptors. d. Use an electron microscope to determine the precise shape of the outer viral capsid. 14. Scientists around the world have been working to develop a medication to prevent or reduce the spread of HIV viruses in the body. If a successful medication was produced, which of the following might it most likely be able to do? a. Disable reverse transcriptase in all cells. b. Convert HIV into a provirus. c. Change the cycle from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle. d. Bind to all of the T4 receptors.

4 Figure 18-2 Effects of increasing UV radiation dose on rates of infection by various agents. 15. Which conclusion can be drawn from the graph in Figure 18-4? a. Radiation is effective against all infectious diseases. b. Bacteria and bacteriophages are weak infectious agents. c. Bacteriophages are most resistant to UV radiation. d. Prions show a complete tolerance for UV radiation. 16. What is the independent variable in this experiment producing Figure 18-2? a. the types of diseases c. the amount of radiation b. the amount of time elapsed d. the presence of DNA 17. What do the results shown in Figure 18-2 imply about prions? a. Prions are indestructible disease agents. b. Prions do not contain components that are vulnerable to UV radiation. c. Prions are not living organisms. d. Prions do not have a cell membrane that sheilds them against UV radiation. 18. Which of the following might display data similar to that of scrapie? a. cancer cells c. HIV virus b. bacterial endospores d. bacterial capsule 19. Why are prions unlike any other infectious disease? a. They are extremely small. b. They are both infectious and hereditary. c. They affect only specific species. d. They affect brain tissue.

5 20. As far as scientists can tell, prions responsible for mad cow disease are unaffected by the proteases or other enzymes in cattle that normally dismantle mutated or irregularly built proteins. One research team has isolated the prion proteins of mad cow disease to try to find a cure. Based on your knowledge of prions, which experimental approach could most likely be effective in finding a cure in living cattle? a. Expose the protein to different ph levels. b. Expose the protein to severe changes in temperature. c. Identify proteins that bind to and inactivate specific DNA sequences. d. Test proteases and enzmyes from plants, prokaryotes and other organisms on the protein. 21. Prion-caused diseases have only recently started to receive significant attention from the scientific community. Many cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease go undiagnosed each year. What is the most likely reason for these misdiagnoses? a. Scientists do not agree on the orgin of prion diseases. b. It is not possible to test for a prion disease. c. Prion diseases have symptoms similar to other diseases of the brain. d. Prion diseases only infect people over the age of Researchers have been successful in using various types of eubacteria and archaebacteria in breaking down human garbage. Without the help of the microbes, the garbage can last for years without breaking down. Based on your knowledge of these types of bacteria, which method of using them with garbage is the most appropriate? a. Have people grow the bacteria in their homes. b. Have people add the bacteria into their garbage cans. c. Have the bacteria added into the garbage truck. d. Have the bacteria added in large amounts at the landfill site. 23. Toxic spills in bodies of water and on land are difficult to clean up. Scientists have discovered species of bacteria that are capable of breaking down toxic substances. These bacteria have been very useful in helping clean up toxic spills. Based on your knowledge of the requirements of different types of bacteria, which type do you think could most likely be used in these situations? a. eubacteria c. halophiles b. thermoacidophiles d. methanogens 24. Bacterial chromosomes have been used extensively by researchers in many experiments. Which of the following is the most likely explanation as to why bacterial DNA has been used so frequently? a. They only have one pair of chromosomes. b. The DNA has a simple arrangement. c. There are many types of bacterial DNA. d. Their DNA is contained in a capsule. 25. Antibiotic resistance is a common adaptation in bacteria species that were previously killed by a particular antibiotic. The development of antibiotic resistance involves the occurrence of a mutation in a cell s DNA that confers resistance. Mutation is a relatively rare event. What two traits of bacteria, compared to multicellular organisms, assist in the evolution of antibiotic resistance? a. small size and large populations b. simple chromosome and rapid reproductive cycle c. large populations and rapid reproductive cycle d. cell walls and small size

6 26. Until fairly recently, scientists did not think much life could live deep at the bottom of the ocean because no light reaches there. However, discovery of ocean vents found thriving communities of tube worms, crabs, and other organisms. Which type of bacteria is most likely responsible for starting the food chain in this environment? a. photoautotrophs c. anaerobic bacteria b. obligate aerobes d. chemoautotrophs 27. Prion diseases can be transmitted from human to human if the prions are physically able to move from one host to the next. If many cases of prion diseases are not diagnosed, in which group of people should extra caution be taken to avoid spread of the disease? a. butchers c. ambulance drivers b. surgeons d. family members 28. Scientists believe one way animals spread prion diseases is because they are fed food processed from animal parts, called animal by-products. If you had to design laws to address this issue, which of the following approaches would limit both the cost of the program and the risk of transmission? a. To ban all animal by-product foods. b. To require animals eat only plant products. c. To ban the use of nervous system tissues in by-product foods. d. To have all by-products thoroughly tested every time they are made. 29. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was a. viruses. c. bacteria. b. fungi. d. protists. 30. Bacteria and archaea are the only organisms characterized as a. unicellular. c. eukaryotic. b. prokaryotic. d. photosynthetic. 31. Bacteria can be classified according to their a. type of cell walls. b. methods of obtaining energy. c. Gram-staining characteristics. 32. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the organisms shown has the shape called bacillus? a. organism 1 c. organism 3 b. organism 2 d. None of the above 33. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by organism 3 is called a. coccus. c. bacillus. b. spirillum. d. filamentous. 34. When tested with a Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria are stained a. green. c. pink. b. yellow. d. purple.

7 35. Bacteria lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they are classified as a. prokaryotes. c. anaerobes. b. aerobes. d. eukaryotes. 36. The cytoplasm of bacteria a. contains numerous types of organelles. b. is divided into compartments. c. has varying numbers of chromosomes, depending on the species of bacteria. d. contains a single chromosome. 37. Which of the following comparisons is incorrect? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES a. smaller larger b. circular chromosomes linear chromosomes c. binary fission mitosis d. chloroplasts mitochondria 38. One difference between human body cells and bacterial cells is that bacterial cells have a. an outer cell wall made up of phosphates. b. a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. c. no DNA. d. no ribosomes. 39. Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are a. cell nuclei. b. multiple chromosomes. c. membrane-bound organelles. 40. Which of the following might be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell? a. chloroplasts c. mitochondria b. Golgi apparatus d. None of the above 41. Bacterial cells a. have a cell wall only. b. have a cell membrane only. c. have both a cell membrane and cell wall. d. have a cell wall inside their cell membrane. 42. One thing that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes is the presence of a. chloroplasts. c. nuclei. b. mitochondria. d. DNA. 43. Bacterial endospores a. occur where there is plenty of available food. b. allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions. c. are similar to human tumors. d. can cause growth abnormalities in plants. 44. Which of the following are used by at least some bacteria for movement? a. pili

8 b. flagella c. cytoplasmic projections 45. Autotrophic eukaryotes and autotrophic prokaryotes differ in that some autotrophic prokaryotes a. are decomposers. b. can use the energy from inorganic chemicals. c. have membrane-bound organelles. d. cannot manufacture their own food. 46. phototrophic bacteria : sunlight :: a. chemotrophic bacteria : dead organisms b. chemoautotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules c. photosynthesis : nitrification d. heterotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules 47. Which of the following conditions would be unsuitable for any kind of bacteria to grow? a. temperature of 110 C (230 F) b. absence of oxygen c. ph of 5 d. None of the above 48. Prokaryotes can transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called a. binary fission. c. conjugation. b. mitosis. d. sexual reproduction. 49. During the process of transduction a. a virus obtains DNA from a host bacterium. b. a bacterial cell takes in DNA from the external environment. c. one bacterium transfers DNA to another. d. two bacteria exchange DNA. 50. A pathogen is an agent that is a. beneficial to humans. b. harmful only to plants. c. harmful to living organisms. d. nearly extinct. 51. Which of the following foods is not a fermentation product of bacteria? a. sour cream c. milk b. a pickle d. yogurt 52. Antibiotics a. include penicillin and tetracycline. b. may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls. c. can be effective treatments for bacterial diseases. 53. All of the following are habitats of archaea except a. volcanic vents. b. intestinal tract of cows. c. salt lakes. d. human skin.

9 54. Which of the following is not a way of preventing a foodborne illness at home? a. washing kitchen utensils thoroughly in cold water b. keeping cooked and raw foods separate during storage c. washing fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them d. refrigerating leftovers promptly 55. Viruses are considered nonliving because a. they cannot reproduce by themselves. b. they are not made up of cells. c. they cannot carry out metabolism by themselves. 56. The study of viruses is a part of biology because a. they belong to the kingdom Eubacteria. b. they are about to become extinct. c. they are living organisms. d. they are active inside living cells. 57. Biologists now know that viruses a. are the smallest organisms. b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat. c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein or lipid-protein coat. d. all form the same crystalline shape. 58. The capsid of a virus is the a. protective outer coat. b. cell membrane. c. nucleus. d. cell wall and membrane complex. 59. Viruses are classified according to a. whether they contain RNA or DNA. b. the shape of their genome. c. whether they have a membrane envelope. 60. All viruses have a. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. b. ribosomes. d. None of the above 61. Tobacco mosaic virus a. is able to be crystallized. b. causes disease in tobacco plants. c. is smaller than a bacterium. 62. Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to cause their host cells to transcribe DNA from an RNA template are called a. bacteriophages. c. retroviruses. b. antibodies. d. capsoviruses. 63. Unlike viruses, prions a. are capable of reproducing outside of a host cell.

10 b. are composed only of protein. c. can cause brain infections. d. can be treated with antibiotics. 64. A typical virus consists of a. a protein coat and a cytoplasm core. b. a carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core. c. a protein coat and a nucleic acid core. d. a polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core. 65. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure could possibly be made of RNA? a. structure 2 c. structure 4 b. structure 3 d. structure Refer to the illustration above. Which structure is found outside the cell after the cell is infected? a. structure 1 c. structure 3 b. structure 2 d. structure Viruses a. are cellular organisms. b. reproduce only in living cells. c. have nuclei and organelles. d. are surrounded by a polysaccharide coat. 68. Animal viruses often infect only specific host cells because a. the virus must have the same DNA as the host cell. b. the host cell must have specific receptors for proteins on the virus surface. c. viruses have receptors for host cell glycoproteins. d. the enzymes of the virus can attach only to specific host cells. 69. In which cell cycle(s) does viral DNA become integrated into the host cell s DNA? a. lytic b. lysogenic c. neither lytic nor lysogenic d. both lytic and lysogenic 70. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because a. host cells protect the viruses. b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics. c. antibiotics interfere with cellular processes that viruses do not perform.

11 d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus. 71. HIV causes AIDS by a. converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene. b. damaging a person s blood vessels. c. destroying the covering of a person s nerves. d. gradually destroying a person s immune system. 72. Which of the following is not a vector of viral diseases? a. mosquitoes c. prions b. ticks d. humans