BACTERIA. Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -on most objects

Transcription

1 Kingdom Monera 1

2 BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -soil -skin -on most objects -air -food -inside the body 2

3 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 3

4 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans (spirilla) 4

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6 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm 6

7 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells 7

8 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell 8

9 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs 9

10 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid a ring made up of DNA 10

11 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion 11

12 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Amimation of E.coli 12

13 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Pilli hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural 13

14 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell 14

15 Reproduction of Bacteria Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two 15

16 Reproduction of Bacteria BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed 16

17 Reproduction of Bacteria The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) 17

18 Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Cell separation 18

19 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning allows the bacteria to survive for many years they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm 19

20 Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. 20

21 3 ways to classify bacteria: 1. By method of obtaining food consumer-get food from an outside source autotrophs: blue-green bacteria - Make their own food through photosynthesis 2. Whether they use oxygen or not to break down glucose Aerobic use oxygen Anaerobic do not use oxygen 21

22 3. Thickness of their cell wall Gram positive one cell membrane layer with a thick peptidoglycan layer; stains purple; susceptible to antibiotics Gram negative 2 cell membranes; thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched in-between; stains pink; resistant to antibiotics 22

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24 Gram staining process helps to identify the bacteria 24

25 Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 25

26 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria 26

27 Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 27

28 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals 28

29 Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 29

30 Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk 30

31 Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can t grow when H 2 O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal 31

32 Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means against infection Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things 32

33 Agar petri dishes demonstrating zone of inhibition = area surrounding disk where bacteria have stopped growing due to substance on disk 33

34 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis larger than most bacterial cells commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet such as rivers, creeks and dams Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water 34

35 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 35

36 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions Allows the bacteria to survive for many years 36

37 Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes use dead materials for food decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 37

38 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria 38

39 Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 39

40 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are sued to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals 40

41 Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 41

42 Controlling Bacteria 42

43 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Make their own food through photosynthesis Bigger than most bacterial cells Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet such as rivers, creeks and dams 43

44 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA It can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 44

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48 Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A 48

49 Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E 49

50 Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete) 50

51 Strep animation on.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pne umo_qt.html Ecoli movement animatoin on.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.h tml 51

52 Ecoli movement animatoin 52 ges/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html

53 HIV movie 53

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