CH 5 Mostly Microorganisms. Microorganisms covered in this chapter:
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1 Biology 2201 Name: CH 5 Mostly Microorganisms Microorganisms covered in this chapter:
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3 Kingdom Bacteria or Monera: Pg Bacteria are simple, prokaryotic organisms. They can be classified according to shape: cocci (round shaped); bacilli (rod-shaped) and spirilli (spiral-shaped). Bacterial cells reproduce by means of asexual reproduction (one parental cell gives rise to two or more identical offspring). It is the process of binary fission in bacterial cells. (p ) Example of Life Cycle of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria: The bacterial cell, (E. coli), reproduces by binary fission. (See Figure 5.4, p. 134). 1. As the bacterial cell grows, it makes a copy of its original, single chromosome. 2. The cell elongates and separates into the two chromosomes. 3. Cell partition or septum forms between the two chromosomes. 4. The septum completes itself and distinct walls form. 5. The cells separate and two new cells are produced. - In favourable conditions, a bacterium can grow and divide in as little as 20 minutes!! - Bacteria are usually given a negative connotation however they are also the basis for antibiotics and have many positive aspects in the environment. * Even though in this course you are only responsible to know asexual, it s important to note that bacteria can undergo sexual reproduction by means of conjugation. They can also create endospores a dormant phase when unfavourable conditions arise!! Kingdom Archaea They do not look different from bacteria externally, but internal biochemical testing placed them into their own kingdom. They are referred to as the most extreme living microorganisms. o Methanogens: Oxygen free environments (swamps, sewage disposal plants). Produce methane gas as a waste product. o Halophiles: Salt loving and live in extreme salt conditions where most microorganisms cannot tolerate (Dead Sea) o Thermoacidophiles: Heat and acid loving Archaea. (Sulphur hot springs, deep sea vents, mouths of land volcanoes). They grow best at temperatures above 80 degree Celsius. Kingdom Protista: Pg Protists are microscopic, eukaryotic organisms. They are classified into three major groups according to their type of nutrition.
4 The groups are: 1) Protozoa (animal-like protists): heterotrophs that ingest or absorb food. 2) Algae (plant-like protists): autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis. 3) Slime moulds and Water moulds (fungus-like): heterotrophic. Example of a Protist Life Cycle: (See Figure 5.15, p. 146). Plasmodium vivax (a human parasite), a Sporozoan (Phylum Sporozoa), is responsible for one type of malaria in humans. 1. A mosquito bites an infected person and ingests the reproductive cells of the Plasmodium present in red blood cells. 2. The gametes (reproductive cells) fuse to form a (diploid) zygote inside the gut wall of the mosquito and divide many times to form numerous spore-like fragments or sporozoites. The zygote breaks open releasing the sporozoites (spore cells). 3. The sporozoites migrate and invade the salivary glands of the mosquito. From here, they will be injected into a new human host when bitten by the mosquito. 4. Once inside the new human host, sporozoites will reproduce asexually in the liver to form asecond type of sporelike cell. The cells leave the liver and enter the bloodstream where theyinvade red blood cells. Once inside the red blood cells, they multiply at a very rapid rate. 5. Red blood cells rupture releasing toxic substances and spores. These spores infect other redblood cells. The cycle repeats itself when a mosquito bites the infected person.
5 Kingdom Fungi: (Pg ) Fungi are non-photosynthetic heterotrophs that grow in the ground and possess cell walls. They have some plant-like qualities. The bodies of fungi are made up of a network of fine filaments called hyphae (singular hypha). A loose, branching network of hyphae that makes up the bulk of a fungus is called a mycelium. Fungi are classified according to their reproductive characteristics. They are : 1) Zygomycotes zygospores sexual reproduction. 2) Basidiomycotes basidiospores sexual reproduction. 3) Ascomycotes asci (spores spread by wind) sexual reproduction. 4) Deuteromycotes conida asexual reproduction. Example of a Fungus Life Cycle: (See Figure 5.28, p. 154). Rhizopus stolonifera is the common black bread mould. The small black dots or fuzz on bread are the reproductive structures of the bread mould. The bread mould reproduces by asexual reproduction, but can also reproduce by sexual reproduction when times are unfavourable (producing zygospores). These are diploid cells that contain two copies of every chromosome. Rhizopus belongs to the Phylum Zygomycota or the zygospore fungi. Sexual Reproduction Phase: The zygospores develop after two haploid (monoploid) hyphae of opposite types (+ and - mating strains) combine and fuse together to form the zygospores. The breadmould is made up of two forms of hyphae. The horizontal hyphae are the stolons and the downward growing hyphae are the rhizoids. The stolons spread out over the surface of the bread while the rhizoids anchor the mycelium to the bread surface. The rhizoids secrete enzymes that digest the food (the bread) and then absorb the digested nutrients. A thick wall develops around the zygospore for protection. The zygospore will remain dormant until conditions are favourable for growth. Once this happens, the zygospore will absorb water and the nuclei will undergo meiosis. Zygospores: Diploid structures with +/- mating strands. Asexual Reproduction Phase: The bread mould will develop sporangiophores, a third form of hyphae. The sporangia or spore-bearing capsules are located at the ends of the sporangiophores. The asexual sores develop inside the sporangia and are released when the capsules split open. Sporangiophore: Stalk in a bread mould that grows up from the surface of the bread mould. It holds up the sporangium. Sporangium: Capsule at the end of the sporangiophore that contains spores. Spores: Reproductive structures inside a sporangium that will become a new bread mould.
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