CHAPTER 3 : MONERA. Metabolic diversity. Metabolic diversity. Metabolic diversity 1/10/2016 BACTERIA

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 3 : MONERA. Metabolic diversity. Metabolic diversity. Metabolic diversity 1/10/2016 BACTERIA"

Transcription

1 BACTERIA CHAPTER 3 : MONERA Introduction The taxonomic Kingdom Monera consists of the bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotes, and their cell structure is basically different from the cells of other living organisms. Bacteria can be divided into two domain: Eubacteria and Archaea. Metabolic diversity Metabolic diversity of bacteria can be divided into heterotrophic and autotrophic. Autotrophic bacteria can be divided into photoautotrophic and chemoautrophic. Like plants, photoautotrophic bacteria synthesize organic compound by photosynthesis and they are self-feeders. Chemoautotrophs bacteria are also self feeders. Metabolic diversity Carbon dioxide is the normal carbon source. Some species strip organic compounds for electron and hydrogens. Others use inorganic substances, such as gaseous hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen compounds, and a form of iron. Heterotrophic bacteria can be divided into photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic. Metabolic diversity Photoheterotrophic bacteria are not self-feeders. They use energy from the sun for photosynthesis, but their carbon sources are fatty acid, complex carbohydrates and other compounds that other various organisms produce. Chemoheterotrophic bacteria are parasites or free-living saprobes and they are not self-feeder. 1

2 Shape of bacteria Bacteria come in many shapes and sizes. Bacteria typically have one of three shapes: rods-shaped, spherical or spiral. 1. Spherical bacteria, referred to as cocci (sing., coccus), occur singly or in groups. Cells may be grouped in two (diplococci), in long chains (streptococci) or in cluster that looks like bunches of grapes (staphylococci). 2. Rod-shaped bacteria, known as bacilli (sing., bacillus) can occur as single rods or as long chain of rods. 3. Bacteria that have a shape of short helix is known as vibrio. Bacteria with rigid shape of long helix are known as spirillum (pl., spirilla) while with flexible long helical shape is known as spirochete. Bacterial Structure Bacteria lack a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Biochemical processes that normally occur in a chloroplast or mitochondrion of eukaryotes will take place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. Capsule Some species of bacteria have a third protective covering, a capsule made up of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). Capsules play a number of roles, but the most important are to keep the bacterium from drying out and to protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms. The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nonencapsulated mutants of these organisms are avirulent, where they donot cause disease. Cell Wall Diagram of bacteria cell Each bacterium is enclosed by a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a complex polymer consists of two unusual type of sugar (long polysaccharides) linked with short polypeptides to form a single macromolecules that surrounds the entire plasma membrane. The wall gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it from the environment. It also helps to anchor appendages like the pili and flagella, which originate in the cytoplasm membrane and protrude through the wall to the outside. 2

3 Cell Wall Cell Wall The strength of the wall is responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment. Cell wall composition varies widely amongst bacteria and is one of the most important factors in bacterial species analysis and differentiation. A technique devised by Danish physician Hans Christian Gram in 1884, uses a staining and washing technique to differentiate between the two forms of bacteria, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. When exposed to a gram stain, gram-positive bacteria retain the purple color of the stain because the structure of their cell walls traps the dye. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is thin and releases the dye readily when washed with an alcohol or acetone solution. Cell Wall The cell wall of gram positive bacteria is very thick and consists mainly of peptidoglycans. The cell wall of gram negative bacteria consists of two layers, a layer of peptidoglycans and another layer of thick outer membranes. The outer membrane resembles plasma membrane but contains polysaccharide linked to lipids. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Cytoplasm Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus. The chromosome, a single, continuous strand of DNA, is localized, but not contained, in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. All the other cellular components are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic Membrane Consists of a layer of phospholipids and proteins. It encloses the interior of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell. Membranes are highly organized and asymmetric, having two sides, where each side with a different surface and different functions. Membranes are also dynamic, constantly adapting to different conditions. 3

4 Flagella Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hair like structures that provide a means of locomotion for those bacteria that have them. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface. The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward nutrients; away from toxic chemicals; or, in the case of the photosynthetic cyanobacteria; toward the light. Nucleoid The nucleoid is a region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located. It is not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found. DNA is found attached to the cell wall as a single circular thread. Nucleoid Plasmids Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome that is responsible for replication, although a few species do have two or more. In addition to DNA, most bacteria have small amount of genetic information in the form of smaller circular fragments of DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm. Plasmids are small, extrachromosomal genetic structures carried by many strains of bacteria. Like the chromosome, plasmids are made of a circular piece of DNA. Unlike the chromosome, they are not involved in reproduction. Plasmids Only the chromosome has the genetic instructions for initiating and carrying out cell division, or binary fission, the primary means of reproduction in bacteria. Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome or become integrated into it. Plasmids are passed on to other bacteria through two means. For most plasmid types, copies in the cytoplasm are passed on to daughter cells during binary fission. Plasmids Other types of plasmids, however, form a tubelike structure at the surface called a pilus that passes copies of the plasmid to other bacteria during conjugation, a process by which bacteria exchange genetic information. Plasmids often have gene that codes for catabolic enzymes, for genetic exchange or for resistance to antibiotic drug, resistance to heavy metals, and virulence factors necessary for infection of animal or plant hosts. The ability to insert specific genes into plasmids have made them extremely useful tools in the fields of molecular biology and genetics, specifically in the area of genetic engineering. 4

5 Pili Structure of a bacterium highlighting the bacterial plasmid Many species of bacteria have pili (singular, pilus), small hair like projections emerging from the outside cell surface. These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks. Without pili, many disease-causing bacteria lose their ability to infect because they're unable to attach to host tissue. Specialized pili are used for conjugation, during which two bacteria exchange fragments of plasmid DNA. Ribosome Ribosome are microscopic "factories" found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are the molecules that perform all the functions of cells and living organisms. Ribosome Bacterial ribosome s are similar to those of eukaryotes, but are smaller and have a slightly different composition and molecular structure. Bacterial ribosome s are never bound to other organelles as they sometimes are (bound to the endoplasmic reticulum) in eukaryotes, but are free-standing structures distributed throughout the cytoplasm BINARY FISSION BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION The usual method of asexual reproduction of bacteria is through cell division known as binary fission. The bacterial chromosome is a single DNA molecule that first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicate and original chromosomes are separated. Following cell splitting (cytokinesis), there are then two cells of identical genetic composition. 5

6 Rod-Shaped Bacterium, E. coli, dividing by binary fission. BUDDING A less common form of asexual reproduction among bacteria is budding. In budding a cell develops a swell, or bud, that become bigger, matures, and finally separates from the mother cell. A few species of bacteria such as actinomycetes, divide by fragmentation. Walls form within the cell, which separates into several new cells. EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL Genetic material exchanged also occurs in bacteria. This process takes place by three different mechanisms: 1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation. TRANSFORMATION In transformation, fragments of DNA released by dead bacteria or secreted by live bacteria cell are taken in by another bacterial cell. This later on causes an alteration of the bacterial cell s genotype by taking up of foreign DNA. Donation of DNA Note that the entire DNA is not usually transferred, only a small piece. The recombination is the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. 6

7 TRANSDUCTION In the DNA-transfer process known as transduction, bacteriophages or virus that infect bacteria carry portion of bacterial DNA or genes from one bacterial host to another as a result of abnormality in the phage reproductive cycle. Transduction can be divided into generalized transduction and specialized transduction. In both type of transduction, the transferred DNA may recombine with the genome of the new host cell. In generalized transduction, random pieces of host chromosome are package within a phage capsid. The phages carry only bacterial genes, no pahges genes. In specialized transduction, it involves the transfer of only a few specific genes from ane bacterial cell to another by means of a phage, the lambda phage, which infects E.coli. CONJUGATION Generalized transduction. In conjugation, a bacterial cell with DNA called F (fertility) factor is able to replicate and transfer a copy of it's DNA to another cell without F factor through a tube called a sex pilus. F factor may exist as a plasmid or become integrated into the chromosome. If it is integrated into the chromosome, it may also transfer part of the chromosome. The sex pilus usually breaks before the entire DNA from the donor cell is transferred. The DNA that is transferred is used to replace similar genes in the recipient cell. Enzymes destroy the replaced genes. The DNA transfer is one way, where one cell donates DNA, and the other receives the DNA. The donor, which can also be referred to as male and the recipient, sometimes called the female. Diagram of bacterial conjugation. 7

8 E. coli strains undergoing conjugation Conjugation and recombination in E. coli SPORE FORMATION Some bacteria form a spore within their cell membrane and this known as endospores. Endospores are dormant, extremely durable cells. Endospores can survive in very dry, hot or frozen environment, or when food is insufficient. Endospores are a method of survival, not one of reproduction. Endospore allows bacteria to wait for favorable environmental conditions. When the condition becomes favorable, the cell wall of the original cell lyses, releasing the endospore. This endospore will germinates, forming an active, growing bacterial cell. Certain disease causing bacteria, such as the one that causes the disease Anthrax can be virulent or capable of causing an infection 1300 years after forming their endospore! GROUPING OF BACTERIA Electron micrographs illustrating formation of an endospore. Note, the sequence illustrated above goes from left to right. 8

9 GROUPING OF BACTERIA There are two different ways of grouping bacteria. The can be grouped by how they obtain their energy: 1. Bacteria that have to consume and break down complex organic compounds are heterotrophs. This includes species that are found in decaying material as well as those that utilize fermentation or respiration. 2. Bacteria that able to manufacture their own organic molecules from simple raw materials are known as autotroph. Photosynthetic autotroph, or photoautotroph, obtain their energy from light. Chemosynthetic autotroph or chemoautroph, get their energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals. They can be divided into three types based on their response to gaseous oxygen: 1. Whether they are heterotroph or autotroph, most bacteria cells are aerobic. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for their health and existence and will die without it. 2. Obligate anerobic bacteria cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen at all and die when exposed to it. 3. Facultative anaerobes prefer oxygen, but can live without it. IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA Bacteria play important ecological function as decomposers and are important in recycling nutrients. Many bacteria have symbiotic relationship with other organism and some are important pathogens of plants and animals. Bacteria also involve in fermentation of many food and beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the production of acidophilus milk, yogurt, pickles, olives, and cheeses. Bacteria also involve in the production of antibiotics. They are also used in the production of industrial compounds such as acetone. Some pathogenic bacteria produce exotoxins, strong poisons that either is secreted from the cell or leak out when the bacterium is damaged. Exotoxin can cause specific symptoms Other pathogenic bacteria produce endotoxins. Endotoxins are not secreted by the pathogenic bacteria but are components of the cell walls of most gram-negative bacteria. These substances affect the host only when they are released from dead bacteria. Endotoxins can cause systemic symptoms such as fever and they are destroyed by heating. ARCHAEA INTRODUCTION The scientific community was understandably shocked in the late 1970s by the discovery of an entirely new group of organisms, the Archaea. Dr. Carl Woese and his colleagues at the University of Illinois were studying relationships among the prokaryotes using DNA sequences, and found that there were two distinctly different groups. Those "bacteria" that lived at high temperatures or produced methane clustered together as a group different from the usual bacteria and the eukaryotes. Introduction Because of this huge difference in genetic makeup, Woese proposed that life be divided into three domains as in the fundamental threedomain system of classification: Eukarya, Eubacteria or Bacteria, and Archaebacteria or Archaea. Archaea are, similarly to bacteria, single-celled organisms lacking nuclei and are therefore classified as prokaryotes, known as Monera in the five kingdom taxonomy. 9

10 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAEA Like bacteria, archaeans have no internal membranes and their DNA exists as a single loop called a plasmid. However, their trnas have a number of features that differ from all other living things. The trna or transfer RNA molecules are important in decoding the message of DNA and in building proteins. Certain features of trna structure are the same in bacteria, plants, animals, fungi, and all known living things except the Archaea. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAEA There are even features of archaeal trna that are more like eukaryotic than bacteria, meaning that Archaea share certain features in common with eukaryotic and not with bacteria. The same is true of their ribosomes, the giant processing molecules that assemble proteins for the cell. While bacterial ribosomes are sensitive to certain chemical inhibiting agents, archaeal and eukaryotic ribosomes are not sensitive to those agents. This may suggest a close relationship between Archaea and eukaryotes. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAEA Several other characteristics also distinguish Archaea from Bacteria. Unlike most bacteria, in Archaea there is no peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Further, both bacteria and eukaryotes have membranes composed mainly of glycerol-ester lipids, whereas archaea have membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids. These differences may be an adaptation on the part of Archaea to be hyperthermophe. Archaeans also have flagella that are particularly different in composition and development from the superficially similar flagella of bacteria. FORM Individual archaeans range from 0.1 to over 15 μm in diameter, and some form aggregates or filaments up to 200 μm in length. They occur in various shapes, such as spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, lobed, or rectangular. They also exhibit a variety of different types of metabolism. HABITATS Based on their physiology, the Archaea can be divided into three types: 1. methanogens (archaea that produce methane); 2. extreme halophiles (archaea that live at very high concentrations of salt (NaCl); 3. extreme (hyper) thermophiles (archaea that live at very high temperatures). METHANOGENS 10

11 METHANOGENS Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that will not tolerate even brief exposure to oxygen. Anaerobic environments are plentiful, and these include marine and fresh-water sediments, bogs (swamps) and deep soils, intestinal tracts of animals, and sewage treatment facilities. Methanogens are normal inhabitants of the rumen of cows and other ruminant animals. Methanogens have an incredible type of metabolism that can use H 2 as an energy source and CO 2 as a carbon source for growth. In the process of making cell material from H 2 and CO 2, the methanogens produce methane (CH 4 ) in a unique energy-generating process. The end product (methane gas) accumulates in their environment. Methanogen metabolism produced most the natural gas (fossil fuel) reserves that are tapped as energy sources for domestic or industrial use. Methanogens represent a microbial system that can be exploited to produce energy from waste materials. Large amounts of methane are produced during industrial sewage treatment processes, but the gas is usually wasted rather than trapped for recycling. EXTREME HALOPHILES EXTREME HALOPHILES Extreme halophiles live in natural environments such as the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, or evaporating ponds of seawater where the salt concentration is very high, which is as high as 5 molar or 25 percent NaCl. These prokaryotes require salt for growth and will not grow at low salt concentrations. Their cell walls, ribosomes, and enzymes are stabilized by Na +. Halobacterium halobium, the prevalent species in the Great Salt Lake, adapts to the high-salt environment by the development of "purple membrane", actually patches of light-harvesting pigment in the plasma membrane. The pigment is a type of rhodopsin called bacteriorhodopsin. This bacteriorhodopsin protein is chemically very similar to the lightdetecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina. Bacteriorhodopsin captures and reacts with light in a way that forms a proton gradient on the membrane allowing the synthesis of ATP. The process is different from photosynthesis carried out by plants, algae, or cyanobacteria. This is the only example in nature of non photosynthetic photophosphorylation. EXTREME THERMOPHILES EXTREME THERMOPHILES The extreme thermophiles or hyperthermophiles require a very high temperature (45 o 110 o C) and sometimes acidic environment for growth. Their membranes and enzymes are unusually stable at high temperatures. Most of these Archaea require element sulfur for growth. Some are anaerobes that use sulfur as electron acceptors for respiration in place of oxygen. Some are lithotrophs that oxidize sulfur as an energy source. Lithotroph is an organism that depends on inorganic compounds as electron donors for energy production. Sulfur-oxidizers grow at low ph that is less than ph 2 because they acidify their own environment by oxidizing S (sulfur) to SO 4 (sulfuric acid). These hyperthermophiles are inhabitants of hot, sulfur-rich environments usually associated with volcanism, such as hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park at ph values 1 to 2 and at temperature near 60 o C. Others live in volcanic areas under the sea. One species, found in and thermal deep-sea vents ("smokers") and cracks in the ocean floor able to live at temperature from 80 o to 110 o C SUMMARY Archaeans may be the only organisms that can live in extreme habitats such as thermal vents or hypersaline water. They may be extremely abundant in environments that are hostile to all other life forms. Nevertheless, archaeans are not restricted to extreme environments; new research is showing that archaeans are also quite abundant in the plankton of the open sea. 11

12 THE END 12

Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea

Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea Section 5.1 Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea p. 132-139 Kingdom Bacteria General Characteristics: Cell Type: all are prokaryotic. Body Form: most are unicellular, some are colonial. Three main shapes are:

More information

Kingdom Monera(Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)

Kingdom Monera(Archaebacteria & Eubacteria) Kingdom Monera(Archaebacteria & All bacteria are prokaryotes Characteristics: 1. No nucleus Eubacteria) 2. No membrane bound organelles 3. Smaller & less ribosomes 4. Most are smaller than eukaryotes 5.

More information

Classifying Prokaryotes: Eubacteria Plasma Membrane. Ribosomes. Plasmid (DNA) Capsule. Cytoplasm. Outer Membrane DNA. Flagellum.

Classifying Prokaryotes: Eubacteria Plasma Membrane. Ribosomes. Plasmid (DNA) Capsule. Cytoplasm. Outer Membrane DNA. Flagellum. Bacteria The yellow band surrounding this hot spring is sulfur, a waste product of extremophilic prokaryotes, probably of the Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells (no

More information

Vocabulary- Bacteria (34 words)

Vocabulary- Bacteria (34 words) Biology II BACTERIA Vocabulary- Bacteria (34 words) 1. Prokaryote 21. phototroph 2. Peptidoglycan 22. chemotroph 3. Methanogen 23. obligate anaerobe 4. Halophile 24. facultative anaerobe 5. Thermoacidophile

More information

Outline. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea

Outline. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea Chapter 21 Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea Outline The Viruses The Viruses Viruses are noncellular

More information

Kingdom Monera Bacteria

Kingdom Monera Bacteria Kingdom Monera Bacteria Common bacteria Prokaryotes Strep throat Anthrax Chlamydia E. coli Meningitis Salmonella Micrococcus(intestinal) Streptococcus mutans Haemophilusinfluenzae Cellphonious bacterious

More information

BACTERIA. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani

BACTERIA. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani BACTERIA CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells possess simpler structures than eukaryotic cells, since they do not have a nucleus or a lot of cytoplasmic organelles.

More information

KINGDOM MONERA. Bacterial Cell Shape 8/22/2010. The Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

KINGDOM MONERA. Bacterial Cell Shape 8/22/2010. The Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria KINGDOM MONERA The Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Bacteria are the most organisms living on the Earth. (i.e. 10mL of soil contains 1 x 10 10 bacteria. They are found in nearly every habitat

More information

Cells & Bacteria Notes

Cells & Bacteria Notes Cells & Bacteria Notes 4 Major Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules. The four groups of macromolecules are essential to the structure and function of a cell. Group Building Block Large Molecule

More information

TRACING BACK TO THE BEGINNING

TRACING BACK TO THE BEGINNING BACTERIA! TRACING BACK TO THE BEGINNING PROKARYOTES KINGDOM EUBACTERIA KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA CHARACTERISTICS: 1. NO NUCLEUS 2. NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES 4. MOST ARE SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTES 5. ARE SINGLE-CELLED

More information

Chapter 19 Notes Kingdoms Archaebacteria andeubacteria

Chapter 19 Notes Kingdoms Archaebacteria andeubacteria Chapter 19 Notes Kingdoms Archaebacteria andeubacteria All bacteria are Prokaryotic. This means that they are organisms that are one-celled and do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.

More information

BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 10/15/2012

BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 10/15/2012 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA Chapter 27 KEY CONCEPTS: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in

More information

Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago.

Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago. Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago. Two theories: 1. Infolding theory 2. Endosymbiotic theory The infolding of the prokaryotic plasma

More information

The Prokaryotic World

The Prokaryotic World The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,

More information

9/8/2017. Bacteria and Archaea. Three domain system: The present tree of life. Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success

9/8/2017. Bacteria and Archaea. Three domain system: The present tree of life. Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success 5 m 2 m 9/8/2017 Three domain system: The present tree of life Bacteria and Archaea Chapter 27 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Unicellular Small Variety of shapes

More information

Bacteria and Viruses. 1 Bacteria CHAPTER 18. MAINIDEA Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.

Bacteria and Viruses. 1 Bacteria CHAPTER 18. MAINIDEA Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. CHAPTER 18 Bacteria and Viruses 1 Bacteria 7(F), 8(B), 8(C), 11(C), 12(A) Before You Read When you hear the word bacteria, what comes to mind? On the lines below, describe places you think bacteria might

More information

The invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms

The invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms Biology Chapter 19 Notes - Bacteria and Viruses The invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms I. Classifying

More information

Bacteria outline-- CHAPTER 19 Bacteria

Bacteria outline-- CHAPTER 19 Bacteria Bacteria outline-- CHAPTER 19 Bacteria Structure and Function Prokaryote & Eukaryote Evolution Cellular Evolution Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion

More information

Section Title: Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria

Section Title: Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria Unit: 3.1 Name: Section Title: Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria Latin Root Word: Review of Old Information: None New Information: Bacteria Notes Basic Bacteria Facts Classification of Bacteria: Kingdom Archaebacteria

More information

Characteristics. Nucleoid Region single circular chromosome plasmids mesosome

Characteristics. Nucleoid Region single circular chromosome plasmids mesosome Prokaryotes Characteristics Nucleoid Region single circular chromosome plasmids mesosome No membranebound organelles Ribosomes (70S) Plasma membrane Cell wall peptidoglycan Capsule glycocalyx Flagella

More information

Classification. Old 5 Kingdom system. New 3 Domain system. reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence

Classification. Old 5 Kingdom system. New 3 Domain system. reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Bacteria Prokaryote: Archaebacteria

More information

Bacterial Morphology and Structure م.م رنا مشعل

Bacterial Morphology and Structure م.م رنا مشعل Bacterial Morphology and Structure م.م رنا مشعل SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer, μm: 1μm=10-3 mm Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external

More information

(A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule. A. Incorrect! Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin.

(A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule. A. Incorrect! Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin. College Biology - Problem Drill 13: Prokaryots and Protists Question No. 1 of 10 1. Gram-negative bacteria can cause disease in humans by release of what substance? Question #01 (A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin

More information

Section 19 1 Bacteria (pages )

Section 19 1 Bacteria (pages ) Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 19 1 Bacteria (pages 471 477) How do the two groups of prokaryotes differ? What factors are used to identify prokaryotes? What is the importance of bacteria? 13.

More information

Kingdom Monera - The Bacteria

Kingdom Monera - The Bacteria Chapter 8 The World of Microbes Kingdom Monera - The Bacteria Bio-significance- The down side: Disease of plants crop loss Disease of animals loss of livestock and herds Human disease cavities to The Plague

More information

Biology. Slide 1 of 40. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology. Slide 1 of 40. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology 1 of 40 (p471-477) 2 of 40 Microorganisms = Microbes Microbiology is the study of living creatures too small to see with the unaided eye including : bacteria protozoa fungi algae viruses other

More information

Chapter 21 PROKARYOTES AND VIRUSES

Chapter 21 PROKARYOTES AND VIRUSES Chapter 21 PROKARYOTES AND VIRUSES Bozeman Video classification of life http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyl_8gv 7RiE Impacts, Issues: West Nile Virus Takes Off Alexander the Great, 336 B.C., conquered a

More information

Chapter 1. Basics of Microbiology

Chapter 1. Basics of Microbiology Chapter 1 Basics of Microbiology Objectives How microorganisms are classified (taxonomy) What they look like (morphology) The major divisions among microorganisms based upon their function in the environment

More information

20 Viruses and Prokaryotes Bacteria

20 Viruses and Prokaryotes Bacteria 20 Viruses and Prokaryotes 20.2 - Bacteria Classifying Prokaryotes Prokaryote unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus Most abundant and widespread organisms on Earth Divided into two groups Bacteria

More information

Archea and Bacteria- The PROKARYOTES

Archea and Bacteria- The PROKARYOTES ` Archea and Bacteria- The PROKARYOTES As late as 1977, all prokaryotes were put into one single kingdom called Monera. Taxonomists no longer accept that concept. Some prokaryotes are more closely related

More information

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Bacteria are of immense importance because of their rapid growth, reproduction, and mutation rates, as well as, their ability to exist under adverse conditions. The oldest

More information

1- Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates

1- Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Question 1: Multiple Choice (20 Marks) 1- Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates 2- What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores

More information

Kingdom Monera. These notes are to help you check your answers in your Bacteria unit handout package that you received in class.

Kingdom Monera. These notes are to help you check your answers in your Bacteria unit handout package that you received in class. Kingdom Monera These notes are to help you check your answers in your Bacteria unit handout package that you received in class. Textbook reference pages Textbook Section 17-2 & 17-3 pages 360-375 Basic

More information

1- What are rod-shaped bacteria called? A. cocci B. bacilli C. spirilla D. halophiles

1- What are rod-shaped bacteria called? A. cocci B. bacilli C. spirilla D. halophiles Question 1: Multiple Choice (20 Marks) 1- What are rod-shaped bacteria called? A. cocci B. bacilli C. spirilla D. halophiles 2- The eukaryotic nucleus houses all of the following except the A. RNA B. DNA

More information

Unit 5. Organisms C H A P T E R 1 5. Bacteria: Unicellular R E A D P

Unit 5. Organisms C H A P T E R 1 5. Bacteria: Unicellular R E A D P Unit 5 Bacteria: Unicellular Organisms C H A P T E R 1 5 R E A D P. 2 9 3-305 Bacterial Cell Structure: Prokaryotic Single cellular no membrane bound organelles primitive Parts of Bacteria 1. Cell membrane

More information

4/17/2014. Prokaryotes have inhabited the Earth for billions of years

4/17/2014. Prokaryotes have inhabited the Earth for billions of years Prokaryotes have inhabited the Earth for billions of years Fossil evidence shows that prokaryotes were abundant 3.5 bya, and they evolved alone for the following 2 billion years. Prokaryotes are ubiquitous,

More information

There are 5 kingdoms: Animalia multicellular animals, heterotrophic (eat other things), evolved 700,000,000 years ago (1,000,000 2,000,000 species)

There are 5 kingdoms: Animalia multicellular animals, heterotrophic (eat other things), evolved 700,000,000 years ago (1,000,000 2,000,000 species) Classification The modern system of naming gives each living thing 7 names. Each name is a little more specific than the one before it. The categories are (in order from least to most specific): Kingdom

More information

Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes The Microbial World Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes Mircrobes of the Ocean Primary Producers Are the organisms that produce bio-mass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). -Photosynthetic autotrophs Phytoplankton

More information

MORPHOLOGY: the study of form and structure

MORPHOLOGY: the study of form and structure MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 Bacteria Morphology 3:1 Bacteria Structure and Function MORPHOLOGY: the study of form and structure Structure of Bacteria 1. PROKARYOTIC no membrane bound nucleus nor other organelles

More information

Microbial Genetics, Mutation and Repair. 2. State the function of Rec A proteins in homologous genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics, Mutation and Repair. 2. State the function of Rec A proteins in homologous genetic recombination. Answer the following questions 1. Define genetic recombination. Microbial Genetics, Mutation and Repair 2. State the function of Rec A proteins in homologous genetic recombination. 3. List 3 types of bacterial

More information

Notes - Microbiology Monera

Notes - Microbiology Monera Notes - Microbiology Monera Part 1 Classification - Kingdom moneran is more commonly known as bacteria. This is the largest kingdom with inhabitants covering almost every square metre of the planet! -

More information

Obligate anaerobes - cannot grow in the presence of oxygen Facultative anaerobes - can grow with or without oxygen Aerobic - require oxygen

Obligate anaerobes - cannot grow in the presence of oxygen Facultative anaerobes - can grow with or without oxygen Aerobic - require oxygen PROKARYOTES *include bacteria and archaea *singular: bacterium / plural: bacteria PROPERTIES 1. Bacteria are classified into two kingdoms: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaebacteria (Ancient Bacteria).

More information

Announcements KEY CONCEPTS

Announcements KEY CONCEPTS What do these things have in common? Announcements Lab this week: bring textbook and photo atlas. Relevant reading BEFORE lab: Ch. 30 http://i.cnn.net/cnn/specials/2001/trade.center/images/anthrax.jpg

More information

Principles of Cellular Biology

Principles of Cellular Biology Principles of Cellular Biology آشنایی با مبانی اولیه سلول Biologists are interested in objects ranging in size from small molecules to the tallest trees: Cell Basic building blocks of life Understanding

More information

MAJOR EPISODES IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE

MAJOR EPISODES IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE MAJOR EPISODES IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE All the major phyla of animals evolved by the end of the Cambrian explosion, which began about 540 million years ago and lasted about 10 million years. Plants and

More information

11/15/2011. Outline. Prokaryotes. Why care about the small stuff. Bacteria in our bodies. I. Categories of life. II.

11/15/2011. Outline. Prokaryotes. Why care about the small stuff. Bacteria in our bodies. I. Categories of life. II. Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea Outline I. Categories of life A. Domains B. Eukaryote vs Prokaryote II. Domain Bacteria A. cell walls, structure B. Bacterial reproduction C. Nitrogen fixation D. Pathogenic

More information

19-1 Notes Bacteria. Named after the Greek word Little stick because many bacteria have a stick-like shape when viewed under a microscope

19-1 Notes Bacteria. Named after the Greek word Little stick because many bacteria have a stick-like shape when viewed under a microscope 19-1 Notes Bacteria Bacteria are found virtually everywhere! Named after the Greek word Little stick because many bacteria have a stick-like shape when viewed under a microscope We know that bacteria are

More information

Some history. Now, we know that Robert Hooke was not looking at living cells, but the remains of dead cell walls.

Some history. Now, we know that Robert Hooke was not looking at living cells, but the remains of dead cell walls. The Life of a Cell Some history In 1665, Robert Hooke examined the bark of an oak tree under an early microscope. He thought he was looking at something similar to the small rooms of dormitories and prisons;

More information

TER 26. Preview for 2/6/02 Dr. Kopeny. Bacteria and Archaea: The Prokaryotic Domains. Nitrogen cycle

TER 26. Preview for 2/6/02 Dr. Kopeny. Bacteria and Archaea: The Prokaryotic Domains. Nitrogen cycle Preview for 2/6/02 Dr. Kopeny Bacteria and Archaea: The Prokaryotic Domains TER 26 Nitrogen cycle Mycobacterium tuberculosis Color-enhanced images shows rod-shaped bacterium responsible for tuberculosis

More information

Origins - Three Domain Classification PROKARYOTES

Origins - Three Domain Classification PROKARYOTES Bacteria Origins - Three Domain Classification EU PROKARYOTES I. Origins of Bacteria Prokaryotes Eubacteria Archaebacteria A. Prokaryotes = 1. Kingdom Eubacteria 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria 3. Prokaryote

More information

PROPERTY OF: BIOLOGY UNIT 3 CHAPTER 19 NOTES THE HISTORY OF LIFE

PROPERTY OF: BIOLOGY UNIT 3 CHAPTER 19 NOTES THE HISTORY OF LIFE PROPERTY OF: BIOLOGY UNIT 3 CHAPTER 19 NOTES THE HISTORY OF LIFE Spontaneous Generation - theory that life arises from non-life (early-mid 1700 s) EX: rotting meat became covered with flies and maggots

More information

Introduction to Bacteria

Introduction to Bacteria Introduction to Bacteria USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 A quick clip http://www2.beavercreek.k12.oh.us/vi deos/28824/chp937402_700k.asf Bacteria What are

More information

Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology

Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis Mrs. Stahl AP Biology How cells first came about! http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wackyhistory-of-cell-theory Robert Hooke 1665 First

More information

STEMscopedia: PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

STEMscopedia: PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS B.L 14.2 and 14.3 Reflect Take a moment to think about all of the living things on Earth. There is great diversity among organisms, from microscopic bacteria to massive blue whales the largest animals

More information

Part 2. The Basics of Biology:

Part 2. The Basics of Biology: Part 2 The Basics of Biology: An Engineer s Perspective Chapter 2 An Overview of Biological Basics 21 2.1 Cells 2.2 Cell Construction 2.3 Cell Nutrient 2.1 Are all cells the same? Cells Basic unit of living

More information

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Overview of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic Cells Archaea Bacteria Come in many different shapes and sizes.5 µm 2 µm, up to 60 µm long Have large

More information

BACTERIA. Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -on most objects

BACTERIA. Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -on most objects Kingdom Monera 1 BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -soil -skin -on most objects -air -food -inside

More information

Early History and Primitive Life. Unit 2: How do cells support life? Chapter: What are the origins of life? What are the simplest forms of life?

Early History and Primitive Life. Unit 2: How do cells support life? Chapter: What are the origins of life? What are the simplest forms of life? Early History and Primitive Life Unit 2: How do cells support life? Chapter: What are the origins of life? What are the simplest forms of life? Chapter 17-2 EARTH S EARLY HISTORY Evidence for Early Life

More information

Ch. 19 Bacteria and Viruses Review: Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Ch. 19 Bacteria and Viruses Review: Prokaryote and Eukaryote Ch. 19 Bacteria and Viruses 19.1 Bacteria Review: Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2 Groups of Prokaryotes Prokaryote has no nucleus, bacteria Eukaryote has nucleus, plants, animals, fungi Archaebacteria Cell

More information

Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell Basic Structure of a Cell Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Archaea & Eubacteria One circular chromosome Extremely small Eukaryotic Cells Has a nucleus!!! Membrane-bound organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, &

More information

= Monera. Taxonomy. Domains (3) BIO162 Page Baluch. Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life

= Monera. Taxonomy. Domains (3) BIO162 Page Baluch. Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life Taxonomy BIO162 Page Baluch Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Spaghetti Good For Over Came Phillip King Domains (3) DOMAINS 1. Bacteria 2. Archea

More information

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Structure and Function

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Structure and Function Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Structure and Function In general microbes or microorganisms may be either prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (protists, fungi, and some animals). However, there are

More information

Shape, Arrangement, and Size. Cocci (s., coccus) bacillus (pl., bacilli) 9/21/2013

Shape, Arrangement, and Size. Cocci (s., coccus) bacillus (pl., bacilli) 9/21/2013 Shape, Arrangement, and Size Cocci (s., coccus) are roughly spherical cells. The other common shape is that of a rod, sometimes called a bacillus (pl., bacilli). Spiral-shaped procaryotes can be either

More information

SG 9.2 notes Ideas about targets and terms: 9.2 In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants

SG 9.2 notes Ideas about targets and terms: 9.2 In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants Ideas about targets and terms: 9.2 In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants Euglena are singled celled organisms in pond water They are green, so contain,

More information

Lecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista and Fungi

Lecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista and Fungi KINGDOM MONERA Bacteria Lecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista and Fungi Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are unicellular All monerans are prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms

More information

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya Taxonomy Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest group of organisms on Earth Only a small amount cause disease Most have very important roles:, such

More information

Prokaryotes (Domains Bacteria & Archaea) KEY POINTS

Prokaryotes (Domains Bacteria & Archaea) KEY POINTS Prokaryotes (Domains Bacteria & Archaea) KEY POINTS 1. Decomposers: recycle organic and inorganic molecules in environment; makes them available to other organisms. 2. Essential components of symbioses.

More information

Directed Reading A. Section: Bacteria CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA. bacteria? a. cocci b. spirilla c. flagella d. bacilli.

Directed Reading A. Section: Bacteria CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA. bacteria? a. cocci b. spirilla c. flagella d. bacilli. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading A Section: Bacteria 1 Which of the following is true of bacteria? a All bacteria are the same size b Most bacteria can be seen without a microscope c There are fewer bacteria

More information

BIOLOGY. Bacteria and Archaea

BIOLOGY. Bacteria and Archaea 27 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Bacteria and Archaea Outline I. Categories of life A. Domains B. Eukaryote vs Prokaryote II. Domain Bacteria A. cell walls,

More information

Chapter 17B. Table of Contents. Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity

Chapter 17B. Table of Contents. Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Table of Contents Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Section 3 Complex Multicellularity The Six Kingdoms of Life Living organisms are divided into six kingdoms and

More information

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO 140 CHAPTER 4. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO 140 CHAPTER 4. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO 140 CHAPTER 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells I. PROKARYOTES A. Structure Of The Cell: Chemical Composition And Function 1. Cell Wall a. composition

More information

Eukaryotic Cells. Figure 1: A mitochondrion

Eukaryotic Cells. Figure 1: A mitochondrion Eukaryotic Cells Figure 1: A mitochondrion How do cells accomplish all their functions in such a tiny, crowded package? Eukaryotic cells those that make up cattails and apple trees, mushrooms and dust

More information

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function Cell Structure and Function Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live Gas exchange CO 2 & O 2 Eat (take in & digest food) Make energy ATP Build

More information

Prokaryotes. Chapter 27. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Prokaryotes. Chapter 27. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Chapter 27 Prokaryotes PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: They re (Almost) Everywhere! Most prokaryotes are microscopic But

More information

Unit 13.1: Prokaryotes

Unit 13.1: Prokaryotes Unit 13.1: Prokaryotes Can you guess what organisms are pictured here? Are they fat green worms on a red leaf? Here s a clue: There are more organisms like these than any other on Earth. Here s another

More information

Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences

Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Chapter 3. Cell Structure and Taxonomy Chapter 3 Outline Introduction Eucaryotic Cell Structure Procaryotic Cell Structure Summary of Structural Differences

More information

Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014

Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014 Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014 Meet the Prokaryotes 1 Meet the Prokaryotes 2 Meet the Prokaryotes 3 Why study prokaryotes? Deep Time 4 Fig. 25.7 Fossilized stromatolite (above) and living stromatolite

More information

The two daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.

The two daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell. Prokaryote Growth and Reproduction This micrograph shows a bacillus bacteria (probably E. coli) undergoing binary fission. This is a form of asexual reproduction. During prokaryotic binary fission, as

More information

Bacteria. The Three Types of Important Heterotrophic Bacteria

Bacteria. The Three Types of Important Heterotrophic Bacteria Bacteria Kingdom Monera Prokaryote (their genetic material is not bound with a membrane) Classified according to shape - Spherical (cocci) - Spiral - Rod Shaped -TWO TYPES: Heterotrophic (organism that

More information

CH 5 Mostly Microorganisms. Microorganisms covered in this chapter:

CH 5 Mostly Microorganisms. Microorganisms covered in this chapter: Biology 2201 Name: CH 5 Mostly Microorganisms Microorganisms covered in this chapter: Kingdom Bacteria or Monera: Pg. 132-137 Bacteria are simple, prokaryotic organisms. They can be classified according

More information

Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani

Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Why Study Microbes? Microbiology is the branch of biological sciences concerned with the study of the microbes. 1. Microbes and Man in Sickness and Health

More information

Outline 10: Origin of Life. Better Living Through Chemistry

Outline 10: Origin of Life. Better Living Through Chemistry Outline 10: Origin of Life Better Living Through Chemistry What is Life? Internal chemical activity providing growth, repair, and generation of energy. The ability to reproduce. The capacity to respond

More information

Cells. Structural and functional units of living organisms

Cells. Structural and functional units of living organisms Cells Structural and functional units of living organisms Eukaryotic ( true nucleus ) vs. Prokaryotic ( before nucleus ) cells Proks Eukaryotic ( true nucleus ) vs. Prokaryotic ( before nucleus ) cells

More information

Domains and Kingdoms. Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria

Domains and Kingdoms. Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria Domains and Kingdoms Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria THE DOMAINS A domain is the broadest level in the classification of life. All living organisms belong to

More information

Bacteria are very small

Bacteria are very small BACTERIA BACTERIA Bacteria are very small Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria BACTERIA LIVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE Hot springs

More information

Bacteria are very small

Bacteria are very small BACTERIA BACTERIA Bacteria are very small Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei (Eukaryotic cells) This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

More information

Unit 10: The simplest living beings

Unit 10: The simplest living beings Unit 10: The simplest living beings 1. Fungi 2. Protoctists 2.1. Protozoa 2.2. Algae 3. Bacteria 4. Viruses Think and answer? a. What type of organism can you see in the photograph? b. What type of cells

More information

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites. 8th grade

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites. 8th grade Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites 8th grade Sized Extra-Small What is a prokaryote? All living things are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. What is a prokaryote? Eukaryotes are made up of one or many

More information

Introduction to Prokaryotes

Introduction to Prokaryotes Introduction to Prokaryotes Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit

More information

Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells

Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells A: Level 14, 474 Flinders Street Melbourne VIC 3000 T: 1300 134 518 W: tssm.com.au E: info@tssm.com.au TSSM 2013 Page 1 of 14 Contents Cells... 3 Prokaryotic

More information

Name Block Chapter 6, Section 3, Bacteria, pages Information taken from Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Life Science, 2004

Name Block Chapter 6, Section 3, Bacteria, pages Information taken from Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Life Science, 2004 SOL LS.4 The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include a) The distinguishing characteristics of domains of organisms b) The distinguishing characteristics

More information

no.1 Raya Ayman Anas Abu-Humaidan

no.1 Raya Ayman Anas Abu-Humaidan no.1 Raya Ayman Anas Abu-Humaidan Introduction to microbiology Let's start! As you might have concluded, microbiology is the study of all organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, Ex:

More information

Creating a Dichotomous Key

Creating a Dichotomous Key Dichotomous Keys A tool used that allows users to determine the identity of unknown species Keys consist of a series of choices, where the user selects from a series of connected pairs Each pair of choices

More information

Goals: Viruses: not considered alive. Living cells. Plants. Bacteria. Animals. Archae Bacteria. Protists. Fungi. The prokaryotic cell structure

Goals: Viruses: not considered alive. Living cells. Plants. Bacteria. Animals. Archae Bacteria. Protists. Fungi. The prokaryotic cell structure Goals: Identify the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Identify the differences between viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes Use knowledge about differences between types of cells to solve a

More information

Introduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1

Introduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1 Name I. Multiple Choice (1 point each) Introduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1 B 1. Which is possessed by eukaryotes but not by prokaryotes? A. Cell wall B. Distinct nucleus

More information

(A) Heterotrophs produce some organic nutrients, and must absorb inorganic nutrients from the environment.

(A) Heterotrophs produce some organic nutrients, and must absorb inorganic nutrients from the environment. MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 09: Prokaryotes and Fungi Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper as needed; (3) Pick the correct

More information

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites Date: Sized Extra-Small What is a prokaryote? All living things are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are made up of one or many cells, each of which has

More information

SPECIES OF ARCHAEA ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO EUKARYOTES THAN ARE SPECIES OF PROKARYOTES.

SPECIES OF ARCHAEA ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO EUKARYOTES THAN ARE SPECIES OF PROKARYOTES. THE TERMS RUN AND TUMBLE ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A) cell wall fluidity. B) cell membrane structures. C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. A MAJOR

More information

9/8/2010. Chapter 4. Structures Internal to the Cell Wall. The Plasma Membrane. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

9/8/2010. Chapter 4. Structures Internal to the Cell Wall. The Plasma Membrane. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Johana Meléndez Part II slides 39-87 Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Structures Internal to the Cell Wall Learning Objectives 4-8

More information

13. The diagram below shows two different kinds of substances, A and B, entering a cell.

13. The diagram below shows two different kinds of substances, A and B, entering a cell. Name 1. In the binomial system of nomenclature, which two classification groups provide the scientific name of an organism? A) kingdom and phylum B) phylum and species C) kingdom and genus D) genus and

More information