I m knocking on this cell wall to see what s inside. He doesn t look happy with me.

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2 2 Flowers, like Roses, brighten up many gardens with green leaves and colorful blossoms. How do Roses carry out all the functions necessary to stay alive? To answer this question, you must look inside the plant to its tiny cells. As you will discover, there are even smaller structures inside the cells. These tiny structures, called organelles, carry out specific functions within the cell. Each organelle has its own special job to do. When organelles perform their functions, it allows the cell to perform its function. The term organelle mean tiny organs.

3 3 If you study an organelle, you notice that it has both a physical shape made of materials that are important to the organelle (structure), and it has a specific job to do (function). The shape and materials that organelles are made of help them to perform their individual functions, and the also the cell s functions. Look at this fork. It has a noticeable structure; it is long and slender with a handle and sharp teeth. It is made of a sturdy metal that resists melting, breaking, or bending. The fork s structure aids in its ability to do its function; that is, pierce food for eating. Each organelle in a cell has a special job, just as a fork does at the dinner table!

4 4 If you wanted to enter a plant cell, you would have to pass through a cell wall, which completely surrounds the cell. The cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material called cellulose that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. Animal cells, in contrast, do not have a cell wall. A plant s cell wall helps to protect and support the cell. I m knocking on this cell wall to see what s inside. He doesn t look happy with me.

5 5 The cell wall is made mostly of a strong, non-living material called cellulose. Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate. Depending on how it is treated, cellulose can be used to make paper, film, plastic, and even some explosives. Although the cell wall is tough, many materials, including water and oxygen, can pass through it easily. Most of the wood in this log is cellulose! Cell Wall Nucleus

6 6 Cell Wall Cell Wall

7 7 Another structure that surrounds the cell is the cell membrane. It holds all of the organelles in and keeps them from flowing out of the cell. All cells have a cell membrane. If a cell also has a cell wall, like a plant cell, then the cell membrane is located just inside it. If a cell does not have a cell wall, then the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment. Cell Membrane Inside Outside Environment

8 8 The cell membrane controls what substances come into and out of the cell. Everything a cell needs, from food to oxygen, enters the cell through the cell membrane. Harmful waste products leave the cell by passing through the cell membrane in the other direction. For a cell to survive, the cell membrane must allow materials to pass in and out. The cell membrane can be described as selectively permeable meaning, it allows some things to pass through while preventing others from entering or leaving. The cell membrane is similar to a window screen, allowing air to enter and leave a room but keeping insects out. Both can be described as being selectively permeable.

9 9 Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Scanning electron microscope images of a red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet.

10 10 The nucleus is a large round or oval structure inside the cell. The nucleus directs all of the cell s activities because it contains the cell s DNA. It is the control center for the entire cell. Nucleus Cells that have a defined nucleus are called eukaryotes. Cells that do not have a nucleus are called prokaryotes.

11 11 Nucleus Nucleus

12 12 The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope or the nuclear membrane. The nuclear envelope has many openings or pores in it that allow material to pass into and out of the nucleus. This membrane controls what enters and exits the nucleus. Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear Membrane (envelope)

13 13 Nuclear envelope scanning electron micrograph

14 14 You might wonder how the nucleus knows how to direct the cell. The answer lies in thin strands of chromatin that float in the nucleus. The chromatin contains the genetic material, or DNA. Nucleus Chromatin Chromatin Nucleus

15 15 Chromatin Chromosome Nucleus Nucleus The chromatin in a nucleus changes shape when a cell gets ready to divide. When chromatin changes shape, it is no longer called chromatin and it is now called chromosomes.

16 16 If you look inside the nucleus, you will see a small round structure. This is the nucleolus, and it produces ribosomes. Ribosomes are another cell structure that perform their function in the cytoplasm. Nucleolus Nucleus

17 17 Nucleolus

18 18

19 19 The area between the nucleus and the cell membrane is called the cytoplasm. It contains a thick, gel-like fluid that moves constantly within the cells. It also contains all of the other structures, or organelles of the cell. The cytoplasm provides a place for all the chemical reactions to occur in the cell. Cytoplasm Cell membrane Nucleus

20 20 Cytoplasm

21 21 Ribosomes are small grain-like bodies that produce proteins. Ribosomes can be found in two places: some float in the cytoplasm and others are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes Nucleus

22 22 All the little dots are ribosomes

23 23 A maze of passageways called the endoplasmic reticulum can be found in the cytoplasm. Often, part of the ER is attached to the nuclear membrane. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: Rough ER and Smooth ER Endoplasmic Reticulum

24 24 Endoplasmic Reticulum

25 25 The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes (this makes it look rough or bumpy.) The rough ER carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. The ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins, and they are passed through the wall of the RER into the maze of passageways. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

26 26 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

27 27 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes on it so it looks soft and smooth. Like the Rough ER, the Smooth ER also carries proteins and materials from one part of the cell to another. However, the smooth ER also produces lipids and hormones that are passed into the maze of passageways and transported throughout the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

28 28 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (No dots!)

29 29 A structure found in the cytoplasm that looks like a series of flattened tubes is called the Golgi Body, or Golgi Complex, or Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi Bodies receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi Bodies then package the proteins and materials and distribute them to other parts of the cell, or release them outside the cell. Golgi Body (Complex)

30 30 Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus) (Golgi Complex)

31 31

32 32 Flexible sacs, called vacuoles, can be found floating in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles (VAK yoo ohls) are the storage areas of cells. They store water, food, waste products, and other materials. Animal cells can have many small vacuoles. As the cell accumulates material that needs to be stored, the cell simply creates new vacuoles. After a vacuole has been emptied, the membrane that it is made of can be recycled. Vacuoles Nucleus

33 33 Plant cells have one large vacuole called the Central Vacuole. It is so large that when it is full, it pushes against the inside of the cell wall and keeps the cell expanded. When many cells have a full central vacuole, the plant stands upright. When the central vacuoles of many cells have lost much of their contents, they do not exert pressure on the inside of the cells. The cell walls bends in a bit and the plant wilts. Central Vacuole Nucleus

34 34 Central vacuoles in plant cells Vacuoles in animal cells Food vacuoles in an amoeba (unicellular)

35 35 Looking very much like small vacuoles are the lysosomes (LY suh sohms). Lysosomes are small, round structures in animal cells that contain chemicals to break down food particles and worn-out cell parts. Lysosome Some lysosomes contain chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones. Other lysosomes contain chemicals that break down old cell parts and release the substances so they can be used again. In this way, the lysosomes help to recycle cell parts. Worn out ER Pieces of ER to be recycled

36 36 Lysosomes

37 37 Animal cells contain a pair of organelles called centrioles (SEN tree olz) that are located near the nucleus. Centrioles play a role in cell reproduction. They do this by forming a structure called a spindle that guides the movement of chromosomes as the cell divides. Centrioles Spindle fibers Nucleus Chromosomes

38 38 Centrioles are usually located at right angles to each other.

39 39 Nucleus Cells don t actually have a skeleton, but they do have a structure called the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton consists of long thin strands of protein that provide shape to the cell. These protein strands, called microtubules, also help with movement of cell parts within the cell. Cytoskeleton A vacuole traveling along the cytoskeleton

40 40 Protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton

41 41 All cells must have energy to carry out their functions. An organelle called the mitochondria is responsible for converting energy from food molecules into energy the cell can use. Cell energy is a molecule called ATP. Mitochondria are rodshaped structures found in the cytoplasm. The more energy a cell uses, the more mitochondria it will have. Mitochondria are called the Powerhouses of the cell Mitochondria (cut open to show two layers of membrane inside) Nucleus

42 42 A mitochondrion

43 43 As you know, plants are autotrophs so they can make their own food. Have you ever wondered how they do this? They use a special organelle called the chloroplast. Chloroplasts in plant cells capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Chloroplasts are green in color. There are so many chloroplasts in plant cells, they make the plant green! Chloroplasts (cut open to show the structures inside) Nucleus

44 44 Chloroplasts

45 45 Bacterial cells are very different from plant and animal cells. First, bacterial cells are usually much smaller than plant or animal cells. A human skin cell, for example, is about ten times as large as an average bacterial cell. Cholera Bacteria Genetic material While a bacterial cell does have a cell wall and a cell membrane, it does not have a nucleus. The bacterial cell s genetic material is found in the cytoplasm instead of a nucleus. This area of cytoplasm where the chromatin is stored is called the nucleoid region. Bacterial cells also contain ribosomes, but none of the other organelles found in plant or animal cells.

46 46 Two other important differences between bacterial cells and plant/animal cells are the presence of an organelle called the capsule and structures for movement called flagella and pili Because bacteria are self- contained organisms, they cannot depend on other cells for survival and protection. For this reason, bacterial cells have a special coating or skin to protect them from the external environment. This coating is called the capsule. It protects bacteria from harmful chemicals and other organisms. The capsule can even protect a bacterium from white blood cells trying to fight off an infection by destroying it! A triple layer of protection!

47 47 My capsule makes it hard to break me down! I m a white blood cell! I m the immune system s best chance at getting healthy. Why can t I just destroy this bad guy?

48 48 Bacteria travel in fluids to get from place to place. For this reason, most types of bacteria have structures for moving and anchoring themselves. Flagellum Pili Flagella are whip-like structures that attach through the bacteria cell wall and capsule. Special proteins spin these flagella whips, propelling the bacteria through its watery medium like a boat propeller. Pili (pee-lee) are hair-like organelles that allow one bacterium to latch on to other surfaces, just like Velcro. These pili allow bacteria to line up with each other and exchange DNA (conjugation).

49 49 Practice reviewing the organelles of different cells Play the game!

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