Winter Packet in addition to Chapter Vocab and Section assessments done (Do NOT do 12.3)

Transcription

1 Winter Packet in addition to Chapter Vocab and Section assessments done (Do NOT do 12.3) 1. A parent's trait is inherited by offspring in the form of DNA carried on a. a single maternal gene. b. one or more genes. c. only sex chromosomes. d. a nucleotide base pair. 2. Which of the following groups best represents a variation in phenotype? a. kindergarten students with different hair colors b. sisters who are both homozygous for a trait c. trees with many recessive traits d. plants in sun growing taller than plants in shade 3. Which of the rock layers depicted in Figure 10.1 is the oldest? a. Layer A b. Layer F c. Layer C d. Layer D 4. The cellular process that eventually leads to increased genetic diversity is a. asexual reproduction. b. translation. c. meiosis. d. transcription. 5. Which pair of structures shares similar functions? a. human hair and clam shell b. rose flower and tree bark c. chloroplasts and mitochondria d. fish gills and human lungs 6. Our understanding of both biology and geology is based on the idea that living things and environments have changed a. only since humans appeared. b. repeatedly, rapidly, and rarely. c. slowly, over billions of years. d. very little since Earth began.

2 7. Figure 10.2 shows mouse species collected at different habitats. Which species appears to be best adapted to wet environments? a. A b. B c. C d. D 8. A proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence is what we call a a. hypothesis. b. principle. c. variable. d. theory. 9. As scientific discoveries are made over time, new findings are evaluated by a. comparing them with those presented previously by other scientists. b. presenting them to an international committee of government scientists. c. weighing them against new, untested, and unproven hypotheses. d. conducting experiments for many years before considering them. 10. Within a species, each individual's DNA is contained on a. the individual's dominant alleles. b. only the sex-linked chromosomes. c. half of the organism's genes. d. a set number of chromosomes. 11. Charles Darwin observed that species have changed over time. He proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism for the evolution of organisms. What is natural selection? In your answer: - define natural selection (1) - describe the four main principles that make up the theory of natural selection (1) - predict what effect natural selection might have on a population of deer if a drought killed most of the shrubs that were their favorite food, and only the taller, most established trees survived (1) 12. Evidence for evolution has been found in a wide range of sources. Describe how two of the following three lines of evidence support evolution: fossils, embryology, and biogeography. In your answer: - describe how the study of one of the three areas supports the theory of evolution (1) - describe how the study of another of the three areas supports the theory of evolution (1) 13. Many years of evolution is most likely to produce

3 a. decreasing numbers of species in each environment. b. species that are becoming more and more similar. c. species that are more likely to become extinct. d. differences between species and their ancestors. 14. What does the biodiversity on Earth indicate about its organisms? a. They share many common structures and functions. b. They are adapted to live in a variety of environments. c. They have not changed over the course of Earth's history. d. They cannot tolerate extreme environments. 15. Based on the evolution of the fictitious bird species shown in Figure 11.1, which of the following statements is true? a. A three-toed foot is likely an adaptation of the living species. b. Toe count was not important in the species' evolution. c. A five-toed foot would likely be advantageous to the living species. d. There must have been another intermediate species with a four-toed foot. 16. An organism that inherits two alleles for a trait exhibits the trait if a. neither parent had the trait. b. one of the alleles is dominant. c. all of its siblings have the trait. d. the environment favors the trait. 17. In order for species to adapt and evolve, they must be able to a. interact randomly. b. establish habitats. c. fight off illness. d. reproduce. 18. We identify organisms as belonging to the same species if they are capable of a. inhabiting similar habitats. b. having the same life expectancies. c. producing fertile offspring. d. evolving comparable adaptations. 19. This map shows the seas that covered North America during part of the Cretaceous Period. What can you infer about the species that lived on the three separate landmasses?

4 a. All of them could survive underwater. b. Fewer species existed at that time. c. They were adapted to different habitats. d. Many of them could swim. 20. Sources of genetic variation include a. social behaviors among animals. b. crossing over during meiosis. c. environmental pressures on species. d. asexual reproduction by mitosis. 21. Which of the following is the best example of a population? a. flowering plants and ferns growing in a garden b. all cat species living in North and South America c. all insect species living in the Amazon rain forest d. alligators of one species living in a certain swamp 22. One theory explaining evolution is based on the mechanisms of a. natural selection. b. sexual reproduction. c. homeostasis. d. species diversity. 23. Natural selection is a major mechanism through which populations evolve. Describe three other mechanisms that can lead to evolution. In your answer: - define three factors that can lead to evolution, other than natural selection (1) - explain how these factors are likely to lead to evolution in populations (1) - give examples of populations in which the three factors are operating (1) 24. Two scientists, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, studied genotype frequencies in populations. They concluded that a population's allele frequencies stay the same if certain conditions are met. What are these conditions? Describe what occurs if the conditions are met and if they are not met. In your answer: - identify the five conditions necessary for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1) - explain what occurs if the conditions are met and if they are not met (1) 25. Cell membranes, which form the boundary between the inside and outside of cells, are composed of two layers of a. proteins. b. nucleic acids. c. lipids. d. nucleotides.

5 26. Asexual reproduction is common in a. bacteria. b. mice. c. fruit flies. d. reptiles. 27. What does Figure 12.1 illustrate about the effect that enzymes have on chemical reactions? a. They decrease the reaction rate. b. They raise the energy produced. c. They lower the activation energy. d. They increase the product's mass. 28. From the information that two atoms have two different proton counts, you can conclude that the atoms a. belong to two entirely different elements. b. might be different ions of the same element. c. represent different isotopes of one element. d. are likely to react violently with each other. 29. Asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms produces a. one long chain of interconnected identical cells. b. a single cell that differs from the parent cell. c. daughter cells that differ from one another. d. daughter cells identical to the parent cell. 30. Many of the molecules composing living things are based on the element a. hydrogen. b. carbon. c. oxygen. d. nitrogen. 31. What does Figure 12.2 indicate about this group of closely related caterpillar species?

6 a. differences in cellular function b. no evidence of common ancestors c. many structural adaptations d. variation in physical traits 32. Cells with nuclei, chloroplasts, and ribosomes belong to which group of organisms? a. bacteria b. prokaryotes c. mammals d. plants 33. The cell's nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are all essential to the synthesis of a. proteins. b. RNA. c. lipids. d. enzymes. 34. In terms of Earth's biodiversity, organisms over time have evolved to fill a(n) a. limited range of small habitats. b. vast range of habitats. c. decreasing number of habitats. d. unchanging set of habitats. 35. Only a small fraction of the organisms that have lived on Earth are preserved in the fossil record. Describe the environments and circumstances of death that are likely to result in the most common type of fossilization. In your answer: - name the process and identify the rock type in which most of these fossils are found (1) - describe the environments in which fossilization is most likely (1) - describe one circumstance of death that is necessary for fossilization to occur (1) 36. Stromatolites themselves are not organisms found in the fossil record. Describe what stromatolites are and explain why they were important on the early Earth. In your answer: - name the organisms that make up stromatolites (1) - explain the connection between stromatolites and aerobic organisms (1)

7 Winter Packet in addition to Chapter Vocab done (Do NOT do 12.3) Answer Section 1. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_99 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 2. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_107 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.16.4 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 3. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_115 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_124 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 5. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_132 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.1 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 6. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_140 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 7. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_148 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 8. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_157 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 9. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_165 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.N FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.N.1.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.N.2.4 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 10. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e13c_173 TOP: Ch 10 - Diagnostic Test 11. ANS: Allow a maximum of 3 credits: - 1 credit for defining natural selection as the mechanism by which individuals that have inherited traits that better suit the environment will survive and produce more offspring - 1 credit for describing the four main principles of natural selection as variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modification. Variations are the heritable differences that exist in a population and adaptations are the variations that allow an individual to survive better in an environment. Overproduction, which is having many offspring, increases the chance that some will survive. Descent with modification states that over time, as beneficial traits are passed down, more individuals will have those traits in every following generation. - 1 credit for predicting that individual deer that have difficulty eating food other than the shrubs killed by the drought will die out. Larger deer that are able to reach the leaves of taller trees will survive better and reproduce more offspring. PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e149_13 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 10 - Ext. Response 12. ANS: Allow a maximum of 2 credits:

8 - 1 credit for an explanation that fossils make it possible to track changes in organisms over long periods of time and/or - 1 credit for an explanation that similarities in early stages of embryos in different groups show that they share a common ancestor and/or - 1 credit for an explanation that biogeography, the distribution of organisms in different environments worldwide, shows how different ecosystems favor different traits PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e149_25 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.1 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.2 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 10 - Ext. Response 13. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_99 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_107 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_115 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_124 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_132 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_140 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_148 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_ ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_165 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e14c_173 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L ANS: Allow a maximum of 3 credits: - 1 credit for defining three of the following four factors: gene flow as the movement of alleles from one population to another, genetic drift as the changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance, sexual selection as occurring when certain traits increase mating success, and mutation as the formation of new alleles. - 1 credit for explaining that gene flow increases genetic variation; genetic drift reduces genetic variation; sexual selection favors traits that increase mating success; mating introduces new alleles to the gene pool

9 - 1 credit for examples for three of the following four factors: gene flow, genetic drift, sexual selection, and mutation. Sample answers: gene flow among two populations of ground squirrels when a few individuals move from one population to the other; genetic drift (bottleneck effect) caused by a disease that kills 90 percent of a population of tigers; male bighorn sheep butting heads to compete for females; a mutation that results in an allele associated with a new fur color in foxes. PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15b_13 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.1 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.16.4 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.16.6 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.16.8 TOP: Ch 11 - Ext. Response 24. ANS: Allow a maximum of 2 credits: - 1 credit for identifying the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as very large populations, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection - 1 credit for correctly explaining that populations that meet all the conditions are not evolving and that populations that do not meet all the conditions are evolving PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15b_25 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.N.3.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 11 - Ext. Response 25. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_99 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.2 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.1 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.3 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 26. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_107 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 27. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_115 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.N FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.1 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.4 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 28. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_124 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 29. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_132 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 30. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_140 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.P.8.12 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 31. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_148 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 32. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_157 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.2 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 33. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_165 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.2 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.3 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 34. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e15e_173

10 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.15.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.17.4 TOP: Ch 12 - Diagnostic Test 35. ANS: Allow a maximum of 3 credits: - 1 credit for correctly identifying the process as permineralization and sedimentary rock as the type in which most permineralized fossils are found - 1 credit for describing the most likely environments for fossilization as near or in bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, bogs, rivers, flood plains, river deltas, and wetlands - 1 credit for correctly describing circumstances of death needed for fossilization as organisms dying near or in water or in an area of continuous sedimentation; or undergoing rapid burial PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e16d_13 TOP: Ch 12 - Ext. Response 36. ANS: Allow a maximum of 2 credits: - 1 credit for correctly describing stromatolites as rocky, domed structures made of layers (also allow colonies) of marine cyanobacteria (also allow prokaryotes, prokaryotic cells) and sediment - 1 credit for correctly explaining that the cyanobacteria in stromatolites released oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, thereby changing the atmosphere of early Earth and allowing for the evolution of aerobic organisms PTS: 1 REF: act0976aaf18007e16d_25 STA: FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.P.10.1 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.14.3 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.2 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.7 FL.NGSSS.SCI SC.912.L.18.8 TOP: Ch 12 - Ext. Response