Vocabulary to Know. Major Concepts/Skills: Name. Content Specific Vocabulary: General Use Vocabulary: Dichotomous Key Desert. Draw conclusion Mean

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1 Name Major Concepts/Skills: Diversity of living organisms Dichotomous key/classify (6 Kingdoms) Structure and function of cells Tissues, organs, and organ systems Purpose of major human body organ systems Heredity, genes, and successive generations Ecosystems Cycling of matter and energy Biological evolution Natural selection and fossil record Concepts/Skills to Maintain: Characteristics of Science Records investigations clearly and accurately Uses hypotheses Uses technology Uses safety techniques Uses scientific tools Writes clearly Organizes data into graphs/tables/charts Interprets graphs/tables/charts Asks quality questions Analyzes/organizes scientific data via calculations and inference Recognizes the importance of explaining data with precision and accuracy Vocabulary to Know General Use Vocabulary: Draw conclusion Mean Classify Median Inference Mode Most likely Clarity Purpose of Accuracy Advantage Interpret Best describes Meter Best estimate Liter Classifications Gram Data Precision Decrease/Increase Bias Effect Infer Gradual Item Life cycles Recycle Probability Minerals What effect Theory Hypothesis Predict Insufficient Evidence Significant Content Specific Vocabulary: Dichotomous Key Desert Cell Taiga Tissue Tundra Organ Mountain Organ System Freshwater Organism Estuary Cell Membrane Marine Nucleus Evolution Cytoplasm Offspring Chloroplast Species Mitochondria Natural Selection Nutrient Fossil Record Gene Sedimentary Rock Chromosome Savanna Tropical Rain Forest Trait Inherit (Inheritance) Competition Sexual Reproduction Environment Asexual Reproduction Food Web Producer Darwin Consumer Mimicry Decomposer Camouflage Selective Breeding Venom Predator/Prey Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism

2 Characteristics of Science Read the following experiment to answer questions #1-4. Jane finished a book report on plants. She knew that plants grew best in an environment full of light and much water. To prove what she had learned Jane wanted to test the growth of plants according to different biomes. She planted 10 bean plant seeds in each of the 6 different land biomes. Each bean plant seed was planted 8 centimeters from the surface and equally spaced from each other. For 10 days she and her experiment partners would record the height of the plants at the same time of the day. 1. Name the controlled variable(s): 2. Name the manipulated variable(s): 3. Name the responding variable(s): 4. Write a hypothesis using the above experiment. Using the above statement pick out the following types of observations for #5-6. Jane studied the growth of plants in different biomes. She noticed that the plants in the wet tropical rainforest environment on average grew to be 10 meters long and had many green leaves on there stem. When she observed the plants from the dry desert environment she noticed that the plants on average grew only ½ meter tall and had only a few leaves that were brownish yellow in color on there stem. 5. Quantitative observations: 6. Qualitative observations:

3 7. What tool & unit is used to measure temperature? 8. What tool & unit is used to measure volume? 9. What tool & unit is used to measure mass? 10. What tool & unit is used to measure length? 11. List the metric unit most appropriate to measure the following items: a) mass of a student b) length of a small insect c) volume of a soft drink can 12. Convert the following a) 43.3 m = cm d).25 = % b) 1.29 L = KL e).8 = % c).034 cg = mg f) 1/3 is what decimal? 13. Read the six statements below. Write what step of the scientific method each statement represents. Parts of the Scientific Process: Problem, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results, Conclusion Search the library for information on water temperature and fish survival. Do fish react to water temperature? If fish are put in water of 67 C, then they will die within 30 days. Take two groups of equal number of fish and put them in two tanks of the same size and the same kind of water, but different temperatures. Observe their behavior. My hypothesis was correct because the fish in 67 C water died within 30 days. Fish in 67 C water died within 30 days.

4 Read the passage and answer the questions below. A researcher wants to determine if a certain type of energy drink makes athletes run faster. The researcher will time the athletes in a 40-yard dash before and after drinking the energy drink. The researcher gives the drink to 3 basketball players, 3 football players, 2 baseball players and 2 tennis players, for a total of 10 athletes. When he times the athletes, he finds that 6 of the 10 athletes run faster in the second 40-yard dash. The researcher reports to the drink company that the energy drink makes most athletes run faster. 14a) What was the hypothesis being tested by this researcher? 14b) The researcher reported that the energy drink makes most athletes run faster. Is that an accurate claim for the researcher to make? Give two (2) reasons why the claim is or is not accurate. 14c) What might be the next step for this researcher, if he wanted to strengthen his claim that the energy drink makes most athletes run faster? Read the passage and answer the questions below. A gardener wants to find out what type of fertilizer grows the largest tomatoes. She plants 4 tomato plants in the same size container, gives them the same amount of water, and each plant receives the same amount of light each day. Each of the 3 containers has a different type of fertilizer and the fourth gets no fertilizer. After 4 weeks, the tomatoes are ready to be picked. The gardener finds the mass of each tomato from each container. Brand A container: 200g, 219g, 217g, and 130g Brand B container: 122g, 110g, 145g, and 111g Brand C container: 167g, 214g, 220g, and 143g No fertilizer container: 98g, 123g, 130g, and 102g 15a) What is a possible hypothesis that the gardener could have for this experiment? 15b) Find the average mass of the tomatoes grown in each container.

5 15c) Create a data table for the individual tomato masses AND the average mass. (Note: 1 table with all the data) 15d) Create a bar graph that displays the AVERAGE mass of a tomato from each plant 15e) What is a possible conclusion the gardener can make, based on the data from her experiment?

6 Ecology 1. What is an autotroph? 2. What is a heterotroph? Use the diagram to the right to answer questions #3-11. Green Plant Mouse 3. Where do all the organisms get their energy from? Cat Mushrooms 4. Write out the food chain in words below: 5. Name the producer(s) & the consumer(s). 6. Label the herbivore(s) and carnivore(s) on the food chain. 7. Are there any omnivores? Why or why not? 8. Name the predator(s) and the prey(s). 9. Name the decomposer(s):. 10. Do all organisms get the same amount of energy? Why or why not? 11. Create a food energy pyramid using the organisms from the food chain above.

7 Match the Biomes with the following Characteristics: Taiga Tundra Freshwater Temperate Deciduous Forest Savanna Marine Estuary Tropical Rainforest Desert Biome Characteristics 12. Found in regions close to the equator. Receive a lot of rain & warm temperatures throughout the year with constant sunlight. Many diverse animals & tall trees form a canopy. 13. Receives less than 25 cm. of rain per year. Very dry and warm climate. Animals & plants store water to adapt to the lack of rain. Animals are active at night & plants have a thick & waxy covering. 14. Sometimes called a prairie, the temperature here is comfortable because it is located in the middle latitudes. Receives cm. of rain per year, not enough for trees to grow. Typically populated by grasses & home of the largest animals such as bison, antelopes, giraffes, & rhinoceros. 15. Lots of trees that shed their leaves & grow new ones each year are found here. Receives 50 cm. of rain per year, enough to support the growth of trees & plants. Temperatures vary during the year with all the seasons. Many birds, opossums, bears, & porcupines are found here & may migrate or hibernate in the winter. Found in the eastern part of the United States. 16. Here in northern Canada you will find many trees that have needle like leaves & produce seeds in cones such as pine, fir, & spruce trees. Winters are very cold with much snow & summers are warm enough to melt the snow and bring much rain. Trees have a waxy covering, a necessary adaptation to keep water from evaporating since much of the year the water is frozen. Many herbivores live here such as deer, elk, moose, & beavers that attract large predators such as wolves, bears, & lynxes. 17. Most animals here have gills to take in oxygen & fins to swim. Consist of still (ponds & lakes) and running (streams & rivers) water. Algae out numbers plants because they can float & don t need to be rooted. 18. Largest of all biomes because it covers 70% of the earth s surface. Many animals that are adapted to live in saltwater live here. 19. Extremely cold & dry biome located in the artic regions. Receives little precipitation like the desert but here most of the soil is permanently frozen. No trees grow here because of the permafrost not allowing for roots to grow. The top layer of soil thaws for grass to grow. Herbivores graze on the grass or lichen & have thick fur to withstand the freezing climate. 20. This is a very productive, very diverse, and wet biome. It is the place where a river meets the ocean, producing a salt/fresh water mix. Large amounts of nutrients carried by the river and lots of sunlight make it a good habitat. Producers include marsh grass and algae. Consumers include crabs, worms, clams, oysters, and fish. Used as a breeding ground by many ocean animals. 21. Name an adaptation that enables the musk ox to survive in its environment. Musk Ox 22. If the climate changed to become much warmer in the environment where the musk ox lived, how might this affect the musk ox?

8 Use the picture to the right to answer questions # Name an adaptation that enables the tiger to survive in its environment. 24. What are the three ways that organisms can interact in an ecosystem? List all three, then give an example of each type of interaction a), example: b), example: c), example: (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) Cell Processes & Cell Organelles Describe the following cell processes and explain which cell(s) performs the process. 1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular Respiration Describe the following types of cell reproduction. 3. Binary fission: 4. Fertilization:

9 5. List the levels of organization of life, starting with cells: cells _organism_ 6. Name the cell then label the organelles on the picture below. Then state the function of each organelle under the label. Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Mitochondria Cell ER Ribosomes Vacuole Green Human Body Use the following statement to answer questions #1-3. The students begin to get up out of their chairs after they hear the bell ring. 1. Identify the stimulus: 2. Identify the response: 3. What organ system allows the students to react? 4. What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies in the immune system?

10 5. Fill out the table below on human body systems Body System Circulatory Function Digestive Endocrine Excretory Immune Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal Skin 6. Explain how the following organ systems work together. Digestive & Excretory Respiratory & Circulatory Digestive & Circulatory Respiratory & Excretory

11 7. Pasteurization & vaccinations both help the immune system in what way? Genetics 1. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). Cross a heterozygous (hybrid) black guinea pig with a homozygous (purebred) white guinea pig. Complete a Punnett square, identify the genotype(s), phenotype(s), and probability (% and fraction) of each occurrence. 2. is the method of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation. What are 3 examples of ways that humans use this process to increase the value of a plant or animal for humans?

12 Classification: Complete the table below. Amoeba (Protist) Dog (Animal) Fern (Plant) Mushroom (Fungus) Ancient Bacteria (Archaebacteria) E. coli (Eubacteria) 1. Organism Nucleus Yes/no Cell Wall Yes/no Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Unicellular or Multicellular Habitat Type of Reproduction Kingdoms of Life Dichotomous Key 1a) Organism lacks a nucleus (prokaryote) Go to Step 2 1b) Organism has a nucleus (eukaryote) Go to Step 3 2a) Found in extreme environments, such as thermal vents Archaebacteria 2b) Found in almost every environment Eubacteria 3a) All members are heterotrophic Go to Step 4 3b) Some members autotrophic, some heterotrophic or all autotrophic Go to Step 5 4a) Has a cell wall Fungi 4b) Lacks a cell wall Animal 5a) Multicellular Plant 5b) Single Celled Protist A. You find an organism that is a multicellular heterotroph, which lacks cell walls, but has a nucleus in its cells. This organism belongs to the kingdom B. An organism with no nucleus is discovered living in high temperature hot springs. It most likely belongs to the kingdom.

13 Evolution 1. In Manchester, England the Peppered Moth come in both gray and black varieties. Under normal conditions, the moths are mostly grey, allowing them to blend into the tree bark of their habitat. Using the concept of natural selection, explain what happened to the grey peppered moth population after the Industrial Revolution occurred in Manchester. 2. What are the four parts of natural selection? a) b) c) d) 3. Animals have many adaptations for survival. Describe each adaptation below, and explain how it could help an organism better survive in its environment. a) camouflage b) mimicry c) venom

14 4. Natural selection leads organisms to become adapted to their environment over time. Using natural selection, explain how the giraffe most likely came to have such a long neck. 5. In the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin found many different species of finches (a type of bird) that seemed closely related. He proposed that the birds had all evolved from a common ancestor. Match the bird beaks below to the most likely food source. 6. Each of the 5 different finch species shown above are evolutionary descendents of one species of finch that is extinct. Explain how the five finches pictured above most likely came to have different beaks.

15 Use the diagram below to answer questions #7-9. A B C D E 7. In what type of rock are fossils usually found? 8. If the bones in layer A are closest to the surface, which layer of fossils is most likely the oldest? 9. A fossil for an extinct organism is found in layer B. A fossil for another extinct organism, very similar to the first, is found in layer C. What might be the relationship between these two organisms?