Ecology. Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment.

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1 Ecology

2 Ecology Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment.

3 Producers A producer is an organism that uses an outside energy source like the sun to make energy-rich molecules.

4 Consumer A consumer is an organism that cannot make its own energy-rich molecules. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Wolves can t make their own food. (They are consumers.) The Cape Buffalo can t make its own food. (It is a consumer.)

5 There are 5 general types of consumers: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivore Decomposers

6 Herbivores Plant eaters Examples: Deer Rabbits Grasshoppers

7 Carnivores Meat Eaters Eat other animals Examples: Frogs Spiders Cougars

8 The Most Vicious Carnivore The Shrew Shrew vs. Snake

9 Omnivores Eat both plants and animals Bears Pigs Humans While the panda s digestive system is that of a carnivore, its diet consists of 99% bamboo.

10 Detritivore Detritivores -- heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter).

11 Decomposers Consume waste and dead organisms. Decomposers help recycle once-living matter by breaking it down into simple, energy-rich substances. Fungi Bacteria Earthworms Vultures

12 Energy Flow Sun Producers Consumers

13 Food Chains

14 Food Webs *Food webs are multiple food chains put together.

15 Levels of Organization

16 The Biosphere The biosphere consists of all parts of the planet in which life exists. (Largest Level of Organization) Includes the land, water, air, and atmosphere Interactions within the biosphere lead to interdependence among all organisms who live in it.

17 Levels of Organization A biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities of organisms. Examples: desert, rainforest, temperate forest, grassland, tundra, taiga Biosphere: all biomes combined form our planet

18 Biomes

19 Average Rainfall and Temperature of Earth s Biomes Biome Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Temperate forest Boreal forest Tropical savanna Desert Temperate grassland Tropical woodland and scrubland Tundra Figure 4 2 Average Yearly Rainfall 400 cm cm cm cm 150 cm Less than 25 cm cm Less than 50 cm cm Average Temperature Climate Zone Daytime: 34ºC Nighttime: 20ºC Tropical Dry season: 32ºC Wet season: 20ºC Tropical Summer: 28ºC Winter: 6ºC Mostly temperate Summer: 14ºC Winter: -10ºC Mostly temperate Dry season: 34ºC Wet season: 16ºC Mostly tropical Summer: 38ºC Tropical and Winter: 7ºC temperate Summer: 30ºC Winter: 0ºC Temperate Summer: 20ºC Winter: 10ºC Temperate Summer: 12ºC Winter: -26ºC Temperate and polar

20 Levels of Organization An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a certain place, together with the NONLIVING parts of the environment. A forest is an ecosystem with plants, animals, soil, water, etc.

21 Levels of Organization A community is a group of more than one population (several species interacting in an area). A community of fish: several species.

22 Levels of Organization A population is a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. A population of deer: this is only one species.

23 Levels of Organization Species: a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Donkeys and horses are NOT the same species. Why?

24 Ecological Pyramids Energy in each trophic level is often expressed in terms of biomass. What s Biomass? Bio = life Mass = weight

25 Energy Pyramid Rule of 10 = 10 percent of energy passed to next trophic level

26 Energy Pyramid

27 How Many Units of Energy at Each Level??? 9 units of energy 90 units of energy 900 units of energy 9000 units of energy

28 Pyramid of Numbers Shows number of individuals at level

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