Biological spectrum. Molecules. Systems. Organisms

Transcription

1 Biological spectrum Ecosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organisms

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3 الحياة نطاق مملكة شعبة صف رتبة عائلة جنس نوع

4 Organelle : A structure or part that is enclosed within its own membrane inside a cell and has a particular function, eg, Chloroplast etc. Cell : Cell is the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms. Tissue: It is a group of cells with a common purpose that form a part of an organ eg Skin Organ: An organ is a group of tissues to perform a specific function eg eye. System : An organ system is a group of organs with a common purpose. Digestive system Organism: An organism is a group of organ systems that help a creature to survive eg human

5 Organelles Organ and system Tissue and organ

6 Important terms Species ; All the members of specific kind of plants, animal or microbe having the capability to interbreed to produce fertile.ذرية offspring Population ; All the members of a particular species occupying a given area. Association ; A plant community with a definite composition, uniform habitat characteristics and uniform plant growth.

7 Community : All the population of different plants, animals and microbes occupying a given area. Ecosystem Biosphere : All the species and physical factors on the Earth functioning as one unified ecosystem. Niche : The total of all the relationships that bear on how an organism copes with the biotic and abiotic components/ role of an organism in an ecosystem.

8 Habitat: It is the place where a species is biologically adapted to live. Prey فريسة : An animal hunted or caught for food. Predator :مفترس An animal that feeds on another living organism, either plant or animal.

9 Ecosystem An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.

10 Forest ecosystem

11 Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystems can be classified as: Natural Ecosystem a. Terrestrial ecosystem Forest, grassland, desert b. Aquatic ecosystem Fresh water, marine water Artificial Ecosystem Ex. Aquarium

12 Structure of ecosystem Ecosystem consists: Abiotic components: a. Climatic factors: rain, light, wind, temp. b. Edaphic ( Soil ) factor: soil, mineral, topography Biotic components a. Producers / Autotrophs ذاتي التغذية - They produce energy. b. Consumers / Heterotrophs - They consume and transfer energy. c. Decomposers /Saprotrophs / Detritivores - They recycle energy.

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14 Biotic components All the biotic components of the ecosystem are connected to each other along the food chain constitute the structure known as trophic structure. Producers are the organism that capture energy from the sun or from the chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to organic matter. Ex. Green plants, Bacteria. (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis). Heterotrophs: All the organisms other than producers are called heterotrophs.

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16 Types of heterotrophs Consumers: (آكلة العشب a. Primary consumers (herbivores (آكلة لحوم b. Secondary consumers (carnivores التطفل c. Parasitism d. Symbiosis التكافل it includes the following:- تبادل المنافع Mutualism التطاعم Commensalism نباتات هوائية Epiphytes

17 Heterotrophs in detail Primary consumers: An organism that feeds on more or less exclusively on green plants or their products, such as seeds or nuts. They are also called as herbivores. Ex. Rabbit, deer, cow. Secondary consumers: An organism that feeds more or less exclusively on other organism that feeds on plant. They are also called carnivores. Ex. Fox, Lion, scorpion. Omnivores: An organism that feeds on both plants and animals. Ex. Human, bear, pig, chimpanzee.

18 :التطفل Parasitism A parasitic relation is one in which one member (طفيلي of the association benefits (parasite.(العاءل while the other is harmed (host Types: Ectoparasite (lives on the surface of host), Ex. Tiks and louses. Endoparasite (lives within the host body). Ex. Cuscuta reflexa, worms. The parasite which is smaller in medical المسبب للمرض terminology called as pathogen Salmonella typhae causing Typhoid.

19 Endoparasite الديدان الخطافي ة ديدان األنكلستوما

20 Endoparasite البلهارسيا Schistosomiasis

21 القمل Louses Ectoparasite

22 Ectoparasite Tick القراد

23 Ectoparasite Lice feeding Mosquitoes Mosquito feeding

24 المسبب للمرض Pathogen Salmonella typhae بكتريا التيفوئيد

25 Symbiosis :التكافل The intimate living together or association of two kind of organism. تبادل المنافع Mutualism:.i A close relationship between individuals of different species where both derive a benefit. It can be either obligate for both the species, obligate for one but facultative for the other or facultative إختياري for both. Ex. Feeding of butterfly on flowers. Butterfly gets its food while its visit help the flower in pollination.

26 Mutualism

27 Mutualism

28 Mutualism

29 التطاعم Commensalism: ii. It describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits but the other is not significantly harmed or helped. Ex. Bird living on a tree.

30 iii. Epiphyte: An epiphytes is a plant that grows upon another plant non parasitically or sometimes upon some other object (building or wires), derives its moisture and nutrients from air and rain and,الطحالب sometimes debris accumulating around it. Ex. Mosses حشيشة الكبد liverworts

31 Decomposers They are the organisms which are responsible for the breakdown of organic matter into its constituents / simpler forms. As such they recycle the energy. Since they live on dead and decaying organic matter they are also called Saprotrophs or detritivores. Ex. Bacteria, fungi etc. There are primary detritivores as well as secondary detritivores feeding on primary detritivores.

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33 Difference between detritus decomposers: feeders and تفتت Detritus feeders organisms that extract nutrients from fragments of dead organisms into,الرمة more simple organic waste (termites earthworms, crabs). Decomposers organisms that digest parts of the dead organisms into simplest chemicals (bacteria, fungi).

34 Trophic relationship Food chain, food web & trophic level Food chain: The transfer of energy and material (food) through the series of organisms as each one is fed upon the next. Food web: The combination of all the feeding relationships that exist in an ecosystem. Trophic levels: Feeding level with respect to primary source of energy. Green plants are at first trophic level, primary consumer at second trophic, secondary consumers at third and so on

35 Example of food web

36 Terrestrial food web

37 Picture showing Food web

38 Picture showing Food web

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42 Limits on Trophic level How many trophic levels are there? There can not be more than three or four in land and five in marine ecosystem.???? The answer is The Biomass! Biomass: It is the total mass measured in grams of dry mass per square meter (g.m -2 ) of a particular group or category; Biomass of producers etc. The biomass decreases at each trophic level due to main three reasons:

43 1. Much of the biomass at producer level is not eaten up by herbivores but goes directly to decomposers. 2. Much of the food that is consumed by heterotrophs is not converted to the body tissue of them rather it is broken down and the stored energy it contains is released. 3. The carnivore that eats carnivores as prey must be larger than their prey and there are limits to the size and distribution of even larger carnivore roaming over larger area.

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45 Energy and nutrient transfer through ecosystems Mass

46 Energy and nutrient transfer through ecosystems

47 Energy and nutrient transfer through aquatic ecosystems

48 Biomass Pyramid The structure that is obtained when the representative biomass of producers, herbivore and carnivores in an ecosystem are compared. Producers have the largest biomass followed by herbivores and carnivores.

49 Pyramid of number and biomass

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51 Pyramid of biomass

52 Pyramid of Energy A diagrammatic representation of the amount of energy, measured in kilojoules per square metre per year (kj.m 2.yr 1 ), available at trophic levels of a food chain in a particular habitat. A pyramid of energy is the most accurate representation of the energy flow through a food chain as it indicates how much energy is lost at each trophic level (through respiration and other metabolic processes etc.).

53 1 KJ = Kcal Food component Energy density kj/g kcal/g Fat 37 9 Ethanol (alcohol) 29 7 Protein 17 4 Carbohydrates 17 4 Organic acids 13 3 Sugar Fiber 8 2

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55 Pyramid of Energy

56 Energy available at any trophic level can be measured as an area s net primary productivity (NPP, Net Primary Productivity). Primary Production: energy accumulated by plants which the first and basic form of energy storage. Primary Productivity: The rate at which the energy is accumulated. Gross Primary Production: A measure of total amount of dry matter made by a plant in photosynthesis g dry weight/area/time. The higher the NPP, the greater the diversity of animals in that ecosystem.

57 Net Primary Production: Overall gain of dry weight by plant after respiration and is accumulated over time as plant biomass. NPP = GPP Respiration. Productivity of ecosystem is influenced by temperature and rain and due to this maximum productivity can be seen in tropical rain forest (high rain fall and warm temperature). Production varies not only among different ecosystems but also among similar systems and within the system from year to year.

58 Production is influenced by nutrient availability, precipitation, temperature, length of growing season, animal utilization and fire. Above ground biomass is distributed vertically in land ecosystem where as in aqua ecosystems concentration of floating and submerged planktons influence the penetration of light which in turn affect productivity. Within the vertical profile biomass varies seasonally and even daily.

59 Net primary productivity of biomes (NPP)

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