-The study of the interactions between the different species in an area
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1 Community Ecology -The study of the interactions between the different species in an area Interspecific Interactions -Interaction between different species -May be positive, negative, or neutral and include competition, predation, and symbioses Competition -When two species rely on the same limiting resource -Intraspecific competition (between individuals of the same species) is usually more severe then Interspecific competition Competitive Exclusion Principle -Oredicts that two species with the same niche (ecological requirement) cannot co-exist in the same community -One species will survive (have some sort of competitive advantage) and the second will go extinct
2 Ecological Niche -A species total use of the biotic and abiotic resources in the environment -How a species fits into an ecosystem -Species cannot have niche overlap (the competitive exclusion principle) Niche Types 1.Fundamental- what a soecies is theoretically capable of using 2.Realized- what a species can actually use based on its interactions with others in the community (smaller, avoids competition) Resource Partitioning -A way that smaller species avoid niche overlap by splitting up the available resources Ex.: species of Anolis lizards occupy slightly different habitats Predation and Herbivory (+/-) -Predator and prey relationship Ex.: Cow and grass Lynx and hare -Predation often results in the evolution of interesting defenses or adaptations for both predator and prey Ex.: Plant defenses Cryptic Coloration Aposematic Coloration
3 Cryptic Coloration -A passive defense where the prey is camouflaged against its environment Aposematic Coloration -The use of conspicuous colors in toxic or unpalatable organisms to warn off predators Mimicry -Defense mechanism where the mimic has a resemblance to another species, the model -Types: Batesian Mullerian Batesian Mimicry -Harmless (palatable) species mimics a harmful (unpalatable) species
4 Mullerian Mimicry -Two harmful (unpalatable) species resemble each other Coevolution -When two species have reciprocal evolution to each other Ex.: Flowers and their pollinators Symbiosis -When two different species live together in direct contact Types: Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism(+/-) -Parasite harms the host -Parasites may be external or internal, and may have significant effects on the survival, reproduction, and density of their host population -Well adapted parasites don t kill the host
5 Commensalism (+/o) -One partner benefits while the other is unchanged Ex.: ferns growing in the shade of another plant Mutualism (+/+) -Both partners benefit from the interaction Ex.: Pollinators and flowers Community Structure -Species diversity measures the number of different species types in a community- species richness -The number of each type- relative abundance -A community with an even species abundance is more diverse than one in which one or two species are abundant and the remainder are rare Dominant Species -Dominant species- most abundant species in a community -Species diversity is more abundant in the tropics than anywhere else -More sun and water, less variation in the environment -Larger areas have more species diversity because there are more niches to occupy
6 Keystone Species -Strongly influence communities b/c of their important niches. The effects of keystone species on the ecosystem are disproportionate relative to their abundance in the ecosystem and when they are removed, the ecosystem often collapses -Foundation species- alter the physical environment on a large scale- makes way for succession Trophic Structure Primary Producers -Feeding relationships between organisms determines the structure and dynamics of a community -Division of an ecosystem based on the source of nutrition (energy) Levels: 1.Primary Producers (plants) 2.Primary Consumers (herbivores) 3.Secondary Consumers (carnivores) 4.Detritivores -Usually plants, capture energy and store it in chemical bonds -Are the source of the energy available to an ecosystem Primary Consumers -Organisms that feed in the producers Ex.: Herbivores
7 Secondary Consumers -Organisms that feed on the primary consumers Ex.: Carnivores -There may be several layers of secondary consumers in an ecosystem Detritivores -Get their energy from the organic waste produced by all levels Ex.: Bacteria and fungi Food Chain -Linear pathway of who eats who in an ecosystem Food Web -Network showing all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
8 Energetic Hypothesis -Length of food chains is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer Energy Transfer -Averages 10% with each Trophic level change Why do most ecosystems have only 3-4 trophic levels? -There isn t enough energy passed on through the food web to support more levels Implications: -There has to be fewer high level consumers in a food web -The higher level consumers usually need a large geographical area Succession -Is the changes in species composition over time Types: Primary Secondary
9 Primary Succession -Building a community from a lifeless area -The foundation (pioneer) species to begin life in the area is a moss or lichen b/c these organisms have the ability to break down barren rock into soil Ex.: Volcanic islands Glaciated areas Secondary Succession -Where life restarts after a community has been disturbed and the soil is mostly intact -The foundation (pioneer) species to begin life again in the area are grasses Ex.: Cutting down a forest Forest fire Succession continues until a climax community is reached In both types of succession, communities will gradually be replaced by different species as the environment changes over time. Eventually a stable unchanging community will be reached called a climax community. Mature biomes are ex s of climax communities.
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