Field experiments for studying the effects of Soot on Snow in Finland
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1 Field experiments for studying the effects of Soot on Snow in Finland Aki Virkkula 1, Onni Järvinen 2, Antti Aarva 1, Niku Kivekäs 1, Jonas Svensson 1, Heikki Lihavainen 1, Antti Hyvärinen 1, David Brus 1, Kimmo Neitola 1, Outi Meinander 1, Riikka Väänänen 2, John Backman 2, Gerrit de Leeuw 1, Pavla D. Waldhauserová 3 Henna-Reetta Hannula 1, Anna Kontu 1, Kati Anttila 1,4, Jouni Peltoniemi 4, Maria Gritsevich 4, Harri Kaartinen 4, Panu Lahtinen 1 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 2 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 3 University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland 4 Finnish Geodetic Institute, Masala, Finland
2 Main idea: Soot on Snow (SoS) measurement campaigns 1. Deposit soot on natural snow pack in a controlled way 2. Measure the snow albedo, snow depth and other snow properties through the entire melting period Three campaigns: 2011, 2012, /19/2013 2
3 Problems to study: Albedo as a function of BC Melting rate Effects on snow grains Change of D g (BC) after deposition to snow
4 SoS 2011, Nurmijärvi Smoke stack cooling Rubber pellets from used tyres
5 Action, Friday, 4 March 2011 SoS 2011 Nurmijärvi IR camera pictures
6 (1,4) (2,2) (0,5) (2,3) (1,5) (2,5) (2,4) (3,4) (3,2) (3,3) (3,1) 2011, Nurmijärvi, 35 km NW of Helsinki
7
8 Dirty snow just after new snowfall and a couple of days later Reference area
9 Irradiance at the depth of 20cm in the clean and dirty snow pit and the ratio ( (I Dirty / I Clean ) x 100 %)
10 Snowpits 1 April 2011 Dirty Clean
11 Snow pit profiles Snow-type classication follows Snow crystal codes The International Classication for Seasonal Code Description Snow on the Ground (Fierz et al., 2009) RGlr Large rounded particles FCsf Faceted crystals in surface layer FCxr Rounding faceted particles MFpc Rounded polycrystals Red line indicates hardness Clean snow pit Dirty snow pit
12 Snow samples
13 Snow samples melted and filtered through quartz filters EC/OC
14 EC/OC analyzed with thermal methods Sunset lab EC/OC analyzer 8/19/
15 SoS 2012 Farming Jokioinen observatory, Finland Soot was collected earlier by chimney sweepers in Helsinki Portable closed deposition chamber Three soot spots and one reference spot 8/19/
16 Soot blowing system in SoS 2012 excess air fine soot ambient air deposited soot Pump Cyclone raw soot coarse soot
17 Soot blowing system
18 Deposition chamber
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20 SoS 2012, results Albedo There was a snow storm right after deposition, and the spots were covered unevenly with lots of new snow. No significant albedo effect could be observed
21 EC in snow one month after deposition All spots had roughly the same amount of soot in respective depths. No added soot present anymore. Reference spot Most added soot (4900mg/l)
22 2013 Sodankylä airport, Lapland Try to repeat 2012 with working instruments Modified blower Mixing fan in the chamber No walking around the spot: lifting the chamber with a cherrypicker Blown impurities: Three types of soot Volcanic sand and glaciogenic silt from Iceland 8/19/
23 2013 (1,4) (2,2) (0,5) (2,3) (1,5) (2,5) (2,4) (3,4) (3,2) (3,3) (3,1)
24 2013
25 2013 SPOT 1 1 day later 6 days later 30 min after blowing
26 2013 Soot River clay, silt from Iceland
27 2013
28
29 2013
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31
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33
34
35 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS 2011 experiment Clear albedo effect even after snowfall Faster melting Different temperature profile and snow pack structure 2012 experiment Albedo and melting effects not evident, most probably due to the snowstorm immediately after making the spots All transmittance measurements failed 2013 experiment Similar results to 2011 experiment Still missing: BC with SP2 comparison with EC Data analyses still to be done To be remembered for the next experiment: ground should be the same under all spots
36 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The project got funding from Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere-atmosphere interactions in a changing Arctic climate) Academy of Finland Arctic Absorbing Aerosols and Albedo of Snow (A4), project number 3162), Finnish Centre of Excellence in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Meteorology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change (program number ), EU Life+ project Mitigation of Arctic warming by controlling European black carbon emissions (MACEB) Maj and Tor Nessling foundation
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