Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin. K. Grunewald, E. Gachev, G. Kast, P. Nojarov, M. Panayotov

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1 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin K. Grunewald, E. Gachev, G. Kast, P. Nojarov, M. Panayotov

2 The Observation Team Dr. Karsten Grunewald Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Dresden, Germany Landscape ecologist Operator of Pirin stations and loggers Gerhard Kast UP GmbH Cottbus, Germany Engineer Providing and maintenance of technical equipment, data handling Dr. Peter Nojarov National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Climatologist Processing climate data Dr. Momchil Panayotov University of Forestry, Dendrology Dept., Sofia, Bulgaria Forester, Dendrochronologist Climate reconstruction and climategrowth-relationship in forest ecosystems Dr. Emil Gachev South-West University Neofit Rilski, Department of Geography and Ecology, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria Geographer Glacier morphology and measurements on Vihren peak Directorate of National Park Pirin Bansko, Bulgaria Impressum Editors: K. Grunewald, E. Gachev, G. Kast, P. Nojarov, M. Panayotov Photos: K. Grunewald, M. Panayotov, E. Gachev Layout: K. Ludewig, K. Grunewald Print: IÖR Dresden Bansko, Sofia, Dresden 2016 DOI: /RG

3 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin 1 source: stepmap.com Southwest Bulgaria and the Pirin Mountains are one of the European Biodiversity hotspots providing habitats for numerous endemic species. The mountains experience on-going climate change with unpredictable effects, which require better understanding of possible effects and continuous monitoring. The climate in the region is mountainous with strong influence of Mediterranean air masses. Vertical layering of temperature and local relief influence the climate and often lead to thermal inversions sites. Therefore. the climate in the Pirin Mountains and adjacent areas shows a strong differentiation driven by a variety of influences: air stream. solar radiation. lee- and windward effect, mountain wind, vertical distribution of temperature and precipitation. Typical for Pirin Mountains are dry summer months (July-August) and abundant precipitation in the Autumn-Winter period.

4 2 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin Climate Change? Annual air temperatures There is definite warming in high-mountain parts of southwestern Bulgaria during the measured period, with an increase of about 0.1 C/decade (0.4 C/ decade for the last 30 years) was the warmest recorded year during the last 83 years. Threshold values and extremes Musala Peak station, 2,925 m, shows the following extremes for the period : a significant shift from cold to warm days; an increase of days with frost change, especially in April and September / October; a general decrease of days with temperatures below 0 C; a significantly longer growing season (>5 C); a trend towards shorter winters and longer summers. Summer ski in Pirin (Photo: Kletcherov 1961) Evolution of mean annual air temperature at Musala Peak for the period

5 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin 3 Overview No. Name/Region Altitude Records Device type Start 1 Vihren peak 2,914 m Temperature (T), Humidity (H) ESAYLOG 24RFT Kasan Shelter, 2,436 m T, H, Precipitation (P) GP1 Delta-Link 2011 snowline 3 Vihren hut 1,950 m T, H, P, Wind, Radiation GP1 Delta-Link Banderitsa 1,950 m T Logtag TRIX Banderitsa, treeline 6 Yavorov hut, treeline 2,250 m T, H HOBO ,250 m T, H (2014-onwards) HOBO 2013 source: NP Pirin

6 4 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin History 1933 Start of meteorological observations at Musala peak (Rila) Measurements in Kasan cirque operated by V. Popov Manual observations at station Vihren hut 2003 New National Park Management Plan calls for 5 stations 2008 Automatic meteorological station Vihren hut established 2011 Automatic meteorological station Kasan shelter established Loggers installed in several forest locations including treeline 2014 Logger on Vihren top installed 1930

7 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin 5 Meteorological Station Vihren Hut The station is located in front of the Vihren hut on the left side of the Banderitsa river. The aim is the measurement of the mountain climate at the timberline in Pirin National Park. Data record mean annual air temperature: 3.4 C mean annual precipitation: 1,419 mm Wind rose (2014); max. wind speed: 109 km/h Data available: Vihren hut monthly records (means) J F M A M J J A S O N D Year H (%) T ( C) T min ( C) T max ( C) P (mm) 13.5* 13.3* 36.3* * 610* E (mm) W (km/h) R (W/m²) H - humidity, T - temperature, P - precipitation, E evaporation (Haude), W - wind speed, R - solar radiation * Precipitation especially in cold month (snow) is underestimated

8 6 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin Meteorological Station Kasan Shelter The station is located near the Kasan Shelter in the cirque Golemya Kasan. The aim is the measurement of the mountain climate at the climatically snow line in Pirin National Park. It is near the small glacier Sneshnika one of the southernmost in Europe Average of coldest three months (Dec.-Feb.) -6.1 C -4.7 C Average of warmest three month (June-Aug.) 7.2 C 10.0 C Annual mean air temperature ca. 0 C ca. 3 C Average amplitude ( coldest-warmest month) 16 K 18 K Snow cover 7-8 month (Nov.-June) Humidity: 68.3% (mean) Evapotranspiration (Haude): 22.4 mm (mean) Data available: Characteristic of geo-factors in the cirque Golemya Kasan : Rock: Light-coloured marble rock (high Albedo: 25-30%) Morphology: Bowl form (three-sided framing of the NNE/NE-exposed cirques) Soils: Skeleton soils with humus-layers (ph 5-7; high Humus-, C org and N t -values) Vegetation: Alpine rock and scree communities, individual grass communities, insular shrubs Hydrology: Due to karstification, meltwater is quickly trickled away

9 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin 7 Logger Vihren Peak (2,914 m a.s.l.) Fig. First logger data compared to Musala station The automatic measurement site on Vihren peak is the second highest in Bulgaria. The mean annual temperature for the period 1. Nov to 31. Oct is 1.3 C. It is by 0.5 C higher than what was recorded at Musala peak for the same time period ( The average relative humidity for the 1 year period is 86%. Observation of Vihren Glacier-Patch Sneshnika (size ca. 1 ha) Legacy of Little Ice Age Visible sign of weather conditions / climate change Survive despite global/regional warming 09/ / /2015

10 8 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin Additional Measurements Loggers at treeline and forests locations observation of local micro-climate and tree growth Climate-growth relationships and formation of tree rings of the Balkan endemic species Pinus peuce and Pinus held- reichii Forest dynamics forest structure, history and regeneration Treeline changes Soil temperature Automatic gauging station Demjanitsa river (started 2011) The spring flood 15/16 May 2010, river Banderitsa/Glazne, Bansko Air-temperature (LT) and precipitation (NS) at the Vihren-hut during 14th, 15th and 16th May 2010, measured with the new meteorological station Vihren hut

11 Meteorological Observations in National Park Pirin 9 Literature on the Topic (selection) Anonymous National Park Pirin Management Plan Ministry of Environment and Water, NP Direction. Bansko. Grunewald, K. (2013) Climate change and related management issues in the mountains of Southeastern Europe the Pirin National Park in Bulgaria. eco.mont. Vol. 5, Number 1, Grunewald, K., Scheithauer. J. (2011) Landscape development and climate change in Southwest Bulgaria (Pirin Mts.). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, London, New York Grunewald, K., Scheithauer, J., Monget, J.-M., Brown, D. (2009) Characterisation of contemporary local climate change in the mountains of south-western Bulgaria. Climatic Change, Vol. 95, No. 3-4 Nojarov, P Changes in air temperatures and atmosphere circulation in high mountainous parts of Bulgaria for the period Journal of Mountain Science 9: Nojarov, P Variations in precipitation amounts. atmosphere circulation and relative humidity in high mountainous parts of Bulgaria for the period Theoretical and Applied Climatology 107 (1 2): Nojarov, P Bulgarian mountains air temperatures and precipitation statistical downscaling of global climate models and some projections. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 110 (4): Nojarov, P Statistical downscaling of regional climate models in Bulgarian mountains and some projections. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 119(1-2): DOI /s Panayotov, M., P. Bebi, V. Trouet & S. Yurukov Climate signal in tree-ring chronologies of Pinus peuce and Pinus heldreichii from the Pirin Mountains in Bulgaria. Trees 24 (3): Trouet, V., Panayotov, M., Ivanova, A., Frank, D.C A pan-european summer teleconnection mode revealed by a new temperature reconstruction from the northeastern Mediterranean ( ). The Holocene 22: DOI: /

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