Government of Sultanate of Oman Public Authority of Civil Aviation Directorate General of Meteorology. National Report To

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1 Government of Sultanate of Oman Public Authority of Civil Aviation Directorate General of Meteorology National Report To Panel on Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal And Arabian Sea 43rd Session, India 2-6 May 2016 Directorate General of Meteorology Public Authority for Civil Aviation Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

3 Salalah winter ( ) Muscat during Winter ( ) Highest wind is 16.1m/s on 26Jan1999

Salalah (1986 2009) The highest wind is southeasterly 17.

0m/s First Transitional The predominant direction is north easterly

4 Salalah ( ) The highest wind is southeasterly 17.6m/s on 10May 2002 The average speed is 3.0m/s First Transitional The predominant direction is north easterly and highest wind is 15.1m/s from south westerly on 21April1997.T he average speed is 2.6m/s Muscat ( )

5 Salalah ( ) Summer Muscat ( )

6 Salalah Wind Rose ( ) Second Transitional Muscat Wind Rose ( )

7 Salalah Wind Rose ( ) Muscat Wind Rose ( )

8 Rainfall in mm Mean monthly rainfall Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Rainfall in Salalah is mainly in the Summer monsoon but Muscat rainfall is not in Summer months. Muscat Salalah Masirah Sohar Khasab

9 Rainfall in mm Highest recorded rainfall in 1963 at Salalah Yearly Rainfall Salaah Muscat Masirah Sohar Khasab Salalah data is available since 1943 Years

Track of Arab 01 and Gonu Tropical cyclone Arab01 crossed the coast

max. wind and min. pressure) of the two cases of Cyclone.

10 Track of Arab 01 and Gonu Tropical cyclone Arab01 crossed the coast near Salalah on 10 th may 2002 and the Super cyclone Gonu touched the coast at Muscat on 6 th June2007. Meso scale model MM5 is used to simulate Surface features (track, max. wind and min. pressure) of the two cases of Cyclone. Wave characterists along the coast of Salalah and Muscat during the two cyclone cases are simulated using SWAN model.

12 Observed Hs = 4.5 m. and computed Hs = 4.8m.

14 Significant wave height (m) the significant wave height decreases from more than 12m in deep water to less than 2m near shore. area off southeastern of Muscat coast is characterized by a steeper gradient than that off the northeastern part of Muscat coast. The sheltering effect of Muscat Island is evident.

Location of the points at which significant wave heights was computed along the contour depth 10 m observed: Hs = 5 to 7.5 m and computed by SWAN Hs = 6.1 m.

15 Location of the points at which significant wave heights was computed along the contour depth 10 m observed: Hs = 5 to 7.5 m and computed by SWAN Hs = 6.1 m. the south eastern parts of Muscat coast are more affected by higher waves (6m-8m) than that north western parts of the coast (4m-6m). Hs off the seaward side of Muscat islands is considerably higher than off the shoreward side of the island (at point 13 Hs 3.5m,while at point 14 Hs 8m).The minimum computed wave height of about 1.5 m occurred inside Sultan Qabous Harbor.

16 Computed energy dissipation J/m 2 /s from a stationary SWAN run on June 6, 2007 The near shore area off the southeastern coast of Muscat is characterized by higher energy dissipation due to bottom friction and wave breaking.

17 Observed Tracks of tropical cyclones (upto 2010)which reach Oman Coast Tracks of the tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea which affected Oman in second transitional period since 1948 Tracks of the tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea which Oman in first transitional period since 1948 till now ( the tracks are based on data taken from

18 1. Meteorological Events 1.1 Tropical Storm ASHOBAA ( 5-12 June 2015): In the pre monsoon season, Tropical Storm ASHOBAA developed over Arabian Sea on the 5th June 2015, its center was about 1400 km away from the Oman coast. `ter was between km/h (35 40 kts) and the movement became more west to north westward. On 9th June the tropical storm moved closer to Oman approximately 500 km off the coast. At that time high and medium level clouds touched Oman coast and the sea condition became rough gradually with maximum wave height reached of 3.5 m. Oman s forecasting Center issued a series of reports and advisories to alert the public about the system. Annual Report on Activities in Meteorology In the Sultanate of Oman During the year 2015 Fig.1 Metop-A Visible with ASCAT winds overlaid, 10 June 05:18 UTC

19 On 11th of June, the storm ASHOBAA weakened into a deep depression and further next day its weakened into a depression and into a well-marked low pressure area near southeastern coasts of Oman. Moderate to heavy rains were reported from the tropical storm ASHOBAA. Fig.3 Track of CS ASHOBAA

By 10th of June, while the tropical storm was moving west to southwestward toward Oman coasts it s started to weaken slightly due to high vertical wind shear, low ocean thermal energy and a colder

20 By 10th of June, while the tropical storm was moving west to southwestward toward Oman coasts it s started to weaken slightly due to high vertical wind shear, low ocean thermal energy and a colder oceanic region. In addition, the satellite images showed clearly a dry air being ingested into the system. Also, an area of low-level dust northeast of the system can be clearly seen on the Meteosat-10 Dust and Natural Colour RGB images (Figure 2). The dust which is originated over Iran and Afghanistan is visible over Sea of Oman. Fig.2 Meteosat-10 Dust RGB, 10 June 02:00 UTC

21 Fig.4 Total precipitation June 2015

1.2. Tropical Cyclone Chapala 28 Oct-04 Nov 2015 In the post monsoon season they were two tropical cyclones formed over Arabian Sea: 1.2.1. Tropical Cyclone Chapala: Tropical Cyclone Chapala formed from a low pressure area over southeast Arabian Sea which intensified into a depression on 28th October.

22 1.2. Tropical Cyclone Chapala 28 Oct-04 Nov 2015 In the post monsoon season they were two tropical cyclones formed over Arabian Sea: Tropical Cyclone Chapala: Tropical Cyclone Chapala formed from a low pressure area over southeast Arabian Sea which intensified into a depression on 28th October. It moved north-northwestwards and intensified into a cyclonic storm on 29th over east central Arabian Sea and later same day it s intensified into a tropical cyclone. It then moved mainly westwards, maintained its intensity until 1st of November and then started weakening gradually. Figure 5: Metosat-10 Tropical Airmass, 2 Nov 07:00 UTC

Tropical cyclone Chapala continued moving west to northwestwards and crossed Yemen coasts with wind speed of 65 knots (120 kmph) on 3rd of November as Tropical

On 4th November it became a depression and then laid as well marked low pressure area over Yemen.

23 Tropical cyclone Chapala continued moving west to northwestwards and crossed Yemen coasts with wind speed of 65 knots (120 kmph) on 3rd of November as Tropical cyclonic storm. And moved further westwards and weakened into a cyclonic storm and then into deep depression. On 4th November it became a depression and then laid as well marked low pressure area over Yemen. Heavy thundershowers with strong winds were reported with floods at many Yemeni weather stations. Oman s Met issued a series of bulletins and alerts about Chapala some of them sent to Yemen Met Office. Figure 6: Track of Tropical Cyclone Chapala Figure 7: Precipitation with Maximum gust speed

24 Cyclonic Storm, Megh November 2015 After a week of formation of tropical cyclone Chapala. Another tropical system depression formed over the east central of Arabian Sea on 5th November. It moved west-southwestwards and intensified into a cyclonic storm.on the 7th of November it intensified into tropical cyclone Megh. By 9th November Megh started weakening rapidly into deep depression and recurved northeastwards on the 10th November and crossed the Yemeni coast as a Deep depression. Figure 8: Track of Tropical Cyclone Megh

25 2. Meteorological Facilities 2.1 Upper Air Observation: The Sultanate of Oman operates two upper air-observing stations located at Muscat (41256) and Salalah (41316). Both these are equipped with Vaisala s Digicora GPS wind finding system. The radiosonde used is Vaisala RS 41 equipment. One flight is launched from each of these stations in a day. 2.2 Ship Weather Reports: Weather Reports from Ships are received through GTS as well as from Muscat Coastal Radio Station. In addition Ship reports are also received from the Royal Oman Navy..

26 Synoptic Land Stations: There are a total of 64 meteorological stations out of which 23 are listed in the WMO s Regional Basic Synoptic Network (RBSN) including 2 radiosonde stations, 12 Regional Basic Climatological Network (RBCN) stations out of which 3 listed in Global Climate Observing System Surface Network. Additional 9 Automatic Weather Stations will be installed during this year.

27 Weather Radar (5)

28 Network of coastal Tide gauges for sea level measurement (10)

29 Wave Radar network and coverage (5) There are 5 wave radar stations where installed for detecting ocean current and tsunami wave. 4 covering Oman sea 1 for Arabian sea. In future: Planning to install new radars to cover rest of Arabian sea coasts

30 3.Training/Research : The 7th WMO Center of Excellence in Oman has conducted the 11th session of satellite application Workshop/Seminar/Training/Research Course Country No. of Persons PhD. In Dust Modelling Australia 1 EUMETSAT Satellite Application Course Oman 15 Climatological database CLDB Slovakia 1 Aeronautical Meteorological Forecasting China 2 Tropical cyclone Forecasting Course India 2 Marine Forecasting South Africa 2 Tsunami Germany 6 Observer Training India 18 Training in McIDAS-V Oman 7 Weather Radar Oman 8 Basics in linux Oman 5

Government of Sultanate of Oman Public Authority of Civil Aviation Directorate General of Meteorology. National Report To

Government of Sultanate of Oman Public Authority of Civil Aviation Directorate General of Meteorology National Report To Panel on Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal And Arabian Sea 45 th Session, Muscat,