Climate Reference Station Conservation Learning Center RM of Prince Albert #461 ANNUAL SUMMARY 2016

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1 Climate Reference Station Conservation Learning Center RM of Prince Albert #461 ANNUAL SUMMARY 16 S. Dunn V. Wittrock Saskatchewan Research Council Air and Climate

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3 Climate Reference Station Conservation Learning Center RM of Prince Albert #461 ANNUAL SUMMARY 16 S. Dunn V. Wittrock Saskatchewan Research Council Air and Climate Saskatchewan Research Council Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8

4 COVER PHOTOGRAPHS SRC Climate Reference Station at Conservation Learning Centre and Diffuse Radiation Sensor with Automated Shade Ring. 28 June 16 Photo credit: R. Jansen

5 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements... ii Climate Reference Station Supporters... ii Climate Reference Station History... 1 Activities Associated with the CRS at CLC... 1 What is the Climate Reference Station?... 2 Purpose and Benefits... 2 Goals... 2 Summary... 3 Temperature Monthly temperatures, extremes, table... 4 Monthly temperature comparison, graph... 4 Annual temperature comparison, graph... 4 Seasonal temperature comparison, graphs... 5 Days with temperature relative to set points, graphs... 6 Temperature ranking, annual and seasonal, tables... 6 Days with temperatures greater than a set point, graphs... 7 Days with temperatures less than a set point, graphs... 8 Days with temperature greater than C... 9 Degree-days, table... Growing Degree-days, graphs... Heating and Cooling Degree-days, graphs Extreme Cooling Degree-days, graph Frost-free season, table and graphs Daily maximum and minimum temperature, tables Daily mean temperature, tables temperature events, tables Precipitation Extreme events, table Ranking by driest month, table Daily precipitation, table Monthly precipitation,days with measurable precipitation, month-end Snow-on-the-Ground, table Ranking, annual, seasons, dry days, dry spells, wet spells, amounts, days, tables Monthly and annual precipitation amounts, graphs Seasonal precipitation amounts, graphs Monthly, annual seasonal precipitation days, graphs End of Month Snow-on-the-ground, graph... Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) using the Thornthwaite Method, graph and table... Radiation Sunrise/Sunset tables for Conservation Learning Centre, 16 & Monthly bright sunshine hours and days, table Daily global and diffuse values, table Monthly bright sunshine hours, graph Monthly global and diffuse radiation, graph Wind Average and highest instantaneous wind speed, table Extreme wind events, Beaufort Wind Scale Maximum wind speed, Average wing speed, wind rose Daily wind speed and maximum gust wind speed, graphs Windchill calculation, table Daily windchill values, table Soil Temperatures Monthly average soil temperatures at 9h and 16h, table Monthly average soil temperatures at 9h and 16h, graphs Instruments used at SRC CRS CLC and Glossary of Terms References and Bibliography Page i

6 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Acknowledgements The 16 data was compiled and recorded by Shaw Dunn and Virginia Wittrock. Instrument maintenance was carried out by the personnel from the Development Engineering, and Manufacturing (DE&M) Business Unit of the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC). Editorial assistance was provided by Suzanne Johnston, Communications Business Unit, SRC. This report is being provided for informational purposes only. While the Saskatchewan Research Council believes this report to be accurate, it may contain errors or inaccuracies. SRC assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of this data and reliance on this data is entirely at the user s own risk. Please be aware that our data is subject to ongoing quality assurance reviews that may result in minor changes and updates to some values in our reports, including past reports. If you notice errors in our reports, please contact us so that we may correct them. Information and data contained in this report shall not be published, copied, placed in a retrieval system or distributed whole or in part without prior written consent of the Saskatchewan Research Council. All references made to this report shall be acknowledged. Enquiries concerning the SRC Climatological Reference Station (CRS), its data, measurement programs and publications, or becoming a supporter are most welcome. For further information contact: Virginia Wittrock Research Scientist Virginia.Wittrock@src.sk.ca Saskatchewan Research Council toll-free number Saskatchewan Research Council web site: Monthly data sheets and annual summaries: SASKATCHEWAN RESEARCH COUNCIL Climate Reference Station Supporters, 16 We gratefully acknowledge the support of the following: Page ii

7 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Climate Reference Station History The Saskatchewan Research Council s Climate Reference Station (CRS) at the Conservation Learning Centre (CLC) was established in 11 with the first full year of data in 12. This Station is situated approximately 16km east of MacDowall, approximately 11km north of St. Louis and 18km south of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The oldest recordings of meteorological data in the area are south of the North Saskatchewan River at Prince Albert beginning in 1884 and lasting until In 1953, the present day Prince Albert station was established at the airport north of the river and east of the city. Other nearby stations recording intermittent data were at MacDowall (1914-3) and Hoey (south of St. Louis) ( ) with MacDowall recording both precipitation and temperature and Hoey only recording precipitation. The first observers of the site were Virginia Wittrock and Carol Beaulieu. In 13, Shaw Dunn joined the group and in 14 became the primary observer for the site with assistance from V. Wittrock. Site maintenance is carried out by Ryan Jansen and Ken Babich (DE&M). V. Wittrock continues to be the project manager of SRC s Climate Reference Stations. The instrument array consists of temperature, precipitation, humidity, barometric pressure, wind (speed and direction), snow depth, barometric pressure, solar radiation (global, diffuse and bright sunshine), and soil moisture, grass height air temperature and soil temperature (seven levels). The site is a selfcontained unit with power generated from solar panels while the data is retrieved from the data logger by an internet connection via the cellular network. Activities Associated with the CRS at CLC in 16 The CLC is a research and demonstration farm. Its outreach program for grades 3-11 students resulted in approximately students being exposed to hands-on activities related to air, soil, and water interactions at the farm. The SRC Climate Reference Station is included in the program allowing the students to become familiar with the CRS s suite of instruments. The station emphasizes the importance of climate and its application to the practical world of farming and ecology. 1 Important events in 16 included general maintenance of the site occuring in May, June and October, recalibration of the tipping bucket instrument and installing the recalibrated bright sunshine instrument. We now have five years of data at this location allowing us to track monthly, seasonal and yearly variations and have included this information to allow for year to year comparison. Only 25 more years of data are needed to obtain high quality averages. 1 Conservation Learning Centre 11 Tipping bucket Replacement 28 June 16 Photo: R. Jansen Data loggers and communication 28 June 16 Photo: R. Jansen Page 1

8 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 What is a Climate Reference Station? The Saskatchewan Research Council s Climate Reference Station (SRC CRS) at the Conservation Learning Centre is classified as a principal climatological station with supplementary climatological observations. 1 A reference climatological station s data are intended for the purpose of determining climatic trends which require long periods (not less than thirty years) of homogeneous records, where man-made environmental changes have been or are expected to remain at a minimum. As the Climate Reference Station is in its infancy, data for trend analyses are not available. At the station, half-hourly readings are taken of elements which include temperature, precipitation amount, humidity, wind, and atmospheric pressure. Our supplemental observations include rainfall intensity, soil temperature, soil moisture, snow depth, bright sunshine and solar radiation. High quality and consistent climatological observations are maintained which will provide data sets to meet the current concerns of the effects of climatic change and increased variability. Purpose and Benefits The purpose of the SRC CRS is to provide a record of observed meteorological elements in order that the climate of the area and its changes can be accurately documented and described. Climatological data have assumed new importance as a result of social and environmental issues in which climate is a dominant factor. Climatological information assists in realizing new technological opportunities and social changes. It is necessary and valuable for areas such as agriculture, forestry, land use and facility placement, water and energy resources, health and comfort. The CRS will allows us to: Evaluate long term climate trends after operating for a standard period - early warning system for increased frequencies of extreme events such as drought, floods, etc.; Determine the impacts of climate events on society, economy, health, and ecosystems - e.g. intense rainfall causing flooding and property damage, heat stress with its implications for health; Conduct value-added research; Be part of regional, national and global networks in an important agricultural and ecological area; Facilitate development of additional programs - e.g. air quality, biodiversity, and climate change monitoring; Have roles in various programs within SRC and collaborative research with other agencies Provide climate data to accident studies, agricultural sectors, authors, building science, chemical companies, construction firms, governments, insurance agencies, lawyers, media, recreation facilities, schools, tourism groups, transportation studies, universities, wildlife studies, and interested individuals. Goals The goals of the Climate Reference Station are first, to gather high quality of data at its current location and, second, to monitor a large variety of elements. These various elements combined with a long-term collection period as well as the stable location will allow CRS to be an extremely valuable climate information collection station. 1 Environment Canada 1992 Page 2

9 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Summary for 16 Data, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction, bright sunshine, solar radiation, soil temperature and moisture, was recorded during 16 by the Saskatchewan Research Council s (SRC) Climate Reference Station (CRS) at the Conservation Learning Centre (CLC) (53.3 N, 5.77 W), located in the Rural Municipality of Prince Albert #461, Saskatchewan. SRC s Climate Reference Station at the CLC has been in operation for five years (12-16), allowing for tracking of similarities and differences between the years and seasons of various parameters. Once the station has data that extends to years, sufficient data will be available for certain statistical analysis, such as determining averages. This report examines the types of weather and climate that occurred in 16 and compares it to the previous four years. The average annual temperature in 16 was the same as 15 at 3.2 C. The average annual minimum temperature was slightly warmer in 16 than 15, and the average annual maximum temperature was slightly cooler. Over the last five years, 15 had the warmest average summer and autumn (18. C and 5.2 C), whereas 16 had the warmest average winter and spring temperatures (-11.7 C and 4.3 C). The seasonal maximum temperatures worked in the same pattern with 15 having the warmest summer and autumn (23.9 C and.1 C) and 16 having the warmest winter and spring temperatures (-6.8 C and.2 C). The seasonal minimum temperature has a more dispersed result; 14 had the coldest winter minimum average with C and 13 recorded the coldest spring at -7. C. The coolest summer happened last summer with a minimum average of 11.1 C, and 12 had the coolest fall with an average minimum temperature of -3.4 C. In 16, there were cold spell events (temperatures less than - C), with the coldest day of the year happening on February 29 (-34.5 C). Two three-day cold spells were measured in 16. One occurring January and the second, December Only two hot spells were measured in 16 and they occurred in late spring (May 4 at 32.4 C) and early summer (June 9 at.1 C). The maximum daily temperatures did not go above C for the rest of 16. The 16 frost-free season was the second shortest over the period with 122 days and was days shorter than 15. The number of growing degree-days, during the frost-free period, was the lowest over the fiveyear recording period. This is due to the cool summer. The total number of growing degree-days (GDD) for all of 16 was 57 fewer than 15. November s high temperatures translated into an usually high number of GDDs at.6 days. The temperatures affected heating and cooling days as well, causing a slight increase from 5,428.1 heating degreedays in 15 to 5,472.5 in 16. Also, a very substantial decrease occurred in cooling degree-days from in 15 to 59.8 degree days in 16, the lowest in the five years on record. The second driest year over the period was 16 with mm. April and December had very little precipitation (4.6 mm and 7.3 mm). August s precipitation amount was the greatest at 79.5 mm, followed closely by July with 72.5 mm. October was also very wet with 58.2 mm of precipitation. 16 had the second highest number of days with measureable precipitation (156 days). The permanent snow cover season lasted from November 24 and until April 2. The snowpack was at its greatest depth (32 cm) in February and March. The longest wet spell was shared by four events, each lasting six days (January 31-February 5, July 3-8, August 7-12, and October 4-9) and the longest dry period lasted 21 days (April 14-May 4). Soil temperatures were relatively mild in the winter of compared to the previous five years. The 9 a.m. reading at the 5 cm and deeper soil depths did not go below C. The shallower depths temperatures ranged from -.5 to -1. C for the entire winter period. All seven soil depths were at or above C by April 15. The upper levels of the soil did not go below C again until December 9 when the 5 cm had a 9 a.m. reading of -1. C. On December 18, the 5 cm soil temperature was at -4. C, the coldest the ground had been January 15. Page 3

10 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Temperature 16 Average Maximum ( C) Average Minimum ( C) Average Mean ( C) 16 Extreme Values ( C) Max/Date Min/Date January / / February / /29 March /5-29.2/1 April /19 -.9/11 May /4 -.5/13 June /9 4.7/11 July /19 9.3/15 August /16 5./29 September /1-1.2/21 October /2-7./13 November /9-11.8/18 December / /17 Average Monthly Comparison Temperature C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave Max Monthly Temp Ave Min Monthly Temp Ave Mean Monthly Temp Annual Comparison Temperature C Average Max Temperature Average Min Temperature Average Mean Temperature Page 4

11 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 SEASONAL TEMPERATURES Temperature C * Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Winter (DJF) * Missing Data 15 Spring (MAM) Temperature C Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Temperature C Summer (JJA) Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures 15 Autumn (SON) Temperature C Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Page 5

12 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN A SET POINT Maximum temperature relative to a set points Monthly Days Minimum temperature relative to set points Monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec No. of days Max Temp >= No. of days Max Temp >= No. of days Max Temp >= No. of days Max Temp > Days 15 5 Jan Feb Mar No. of days Min Temp > Apr May Jun Jly Aug No. of days Min Temp <= - Sep Oct Nov Dec No. of days Min Temp <= - No. of days Min Temp <= - No. of days Min Temp <= TEMPERATURE RANKINGS SEASONAL MAXIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) M M = Missing Data SEASONAL MINIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) M M = Missing Data AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATUES C MAXIMUM TEMP MINIMUM TEMP MEAN TEMP SEASONAL MEAN AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) M M = Missing Data Page 6

13 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Days DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN A SET POINT No. of days Max Temp >= C or Greater Days No recorded temperatures were greater than or equal to 32.5 C 32.5 C or Greater No. of days Max Temp >= C or Greater Days No recorded temperatures were greater than or equal to 35 C No. of days Max Temp >= C or Greater Days 2 1 No recorded temperatures were greater than or equal to 4 C No. of days Max Temp >= 4 Page 7

14 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES LESS THAN A SET POINT Minus C or Less Days No. of days Min Temp <= - Minus 32.5 C or Less 25 Days No. of days Min Temp <= Minus 35 or Less Days No. of days Min Temp <= -35 Minus 4 C or Less 8 Days 6 4 No recorded temperatures less than or equal to No. of days Min Temp <= -4 Page 8

15 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Days with Temperature Greater than C Days Days Days No. of days when maximum temperatures > No. of days when maximum temperatures > Number of Frost -free days Maximum Temperature greater than C (Thaw Days) Jan 1 st to Dec 31 st Maximum Temperature greater than C (Thaw Days) Oct 1 st to Mar 31 st (Cold Season) Minimum Temperature greater than C (Frost-free Days) Extreme Frost Event Conservation Learning Centre 23 Dec 14 Photo credit: R. Jansen Page 9

16 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 MONTH GROWING DEGREE-DAYS Base 5 C Degree-Days HEATING DEGREE-DAYS Base 18 C COOLING DEGREE-DAYS Base 18 C EXTREME COOLING DEGREE-DAYS Base 24 C 16 Cumulative 16 Cumulative 16 Cumulative 16 Cumulative January February March April May June July August September October November December Growing Degree-days Monthly Growing Degree-days Annual Growing Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Number of Growing Degree-days Cumulative Growing Degree-days Cumulative Growing Units Growing Units No. of Growing Degree-days Base 5 Growing Degree-days May 1 to September base 5C Growing Degree-days in frost free period base 5C Growing Units May 1 to Sept Growing Degree days Frost Free Growing Degree Days Page

17 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Degree-Days Heating Units Cumulative Heating Units Heating Degree-days Monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Number of Heating Degree-days Cumulative Heating Degree-Days 65 6 Heating Degree-days Annual Heating Units Annual (base 18 C) Cooling Units Cumulative Cooling Units Cooling Degree-days Monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Number of Cooling Degree-days Cumulative Cooling Degree-Days 25 Cooling Degree-days Annual Cooling Units Annual (base 18 C) Page 11

18 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Degree-Days Extreme Cooling Degree-days Annual Cooling Units Annual (base 24 C) DATES & DURATION OF THE FROST-FREE SEASON YEAR LAST SPRING FROST FIRST FALL FROST Frost-free Season Length 12 May 3 Sept May Sept May 14 Sept May 18 Sept May 13 Sept Frost-free Growing Season Duration Days 1 8 Frost-free Growing Season End Points Days Frost-free Season Length Spring Frost Date Autumn Frost Date Page 12

19 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Temperature JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Daily Maximum 16 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Daily Minimum Page 13

20 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Daily Mean 16 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Temperature Events 16 Cold Spell (less than or equal to - C) Date Temperature ( C) January January January January January February February December December December Hot Spell (greater than or equal to C) Date Temperature ( C) May June 9.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity sensor 28 June 16 Photo: R. Jansen Page 14

21 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Precipitation 16 Extreme Precipitation Events Period Date Amount (mm).5 Hour Aug Hour July Hour Aug Hour July Hours Aug Hours July Hours Aug Hours July Hours Aug Hours July Hours Aug Hours Aug Calendar Day Aug Calendar Day July More than one day Aug Longest wet spells Jan 31-Feb 5 6 Days Jul 3-8 Aug 7-12 Oct 4-9 Longest dry spell* Apr 14-May 4 21 Days * Weighing Gauge Value Ranking By Driest Month Amount (mm) April 4.6 December 7.3 November 11.7 February 14.2 March 18.1 January 18.2 May 19.5 September 28. June 45.8 October 58.2 July 72.5 August JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Total Daily Precipitation Values Page 15

22 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Precipitation 16 Month AMOUNT (mm) RECORD VALUES (mm) Days with Measurable Precipitation Month end Snow-on-Ground (cm) 16 Cumulative CRS Maximum CRS Minimum 16 Cumulative 16 CRS Maximum CRS Minimum January /13 8.9/ /13 2/12 February /15 8./ /13 7/12 March /12 6.5/ /13 /15 April /14 4.6/ /13 /15 May /12 6.8/ June /12 45./ July / / August /16 5.8/ September /15 11./ October /16 5.6/ /12 /15 November / / /16 December /13 2.4/ /13 5/16 Total ANNUAL (JAN-DEC) RANKING BY DRIEST YEAR (mm) WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) * 25.6* *Missing December 11 ANNUAL RANKING BY DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION ANNUAL (JAN-DEC) WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) * *Missing December 11 RANKING BY Total Number of Dry Days Maximum Length of Dry Spell Maximum Length of Wet Spell Monthly 9 8 Precipitation mm Cumulative Precipitation mm Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation 16 Cumulative Annual 7 6 Precipitation mm Ppt Total Page 16

23 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 SEASONAL PRECIPITATION Precipitation mm Winter (DJF) Winter Precipitation mm Precipitation mm Precipitation mm Spring (MAM) Summer (JJA) Autumn (SON) Spring Summer Autumn Page 17

24 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 SEASONAL PRECIPITATION DAYS Monthly Precipitation days Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation Days 16 Cumulative Cumulative Precipitation days Annual Precipitation Days Total Days Winter 6 5 Precipitation Days Winter Days Spring 6 5 Precipitation Days Spring Days Page 18

25 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Seasonal Precipitation Days 6 5 Summer Precipitation Days Summer Days 6 5 Autumn Precipitation Days Autumn Days Electroninic snow depth 28 June, 16 photo credit: R. Jansen Weighing gage 28 June 16 photo credit: R. Jansen Page 19

26 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Snow-on-the-Ground cm Precipitation 16 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec End of the Month Snow-on-the Ground *November 14 Snow depth data unavailable Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) using the Thornthwaite Method 1 PE (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 PE 13 PE 14 PE 15 PE 16 PE Month 12 PE 13 PE 14 PE 15 PE 16 PE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Thornthwaite and Mather 1955 Thornthwaite 1948 Tipping bucket 28 June, 16 photo credit: R Jansen Page

27 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Radiation 16 Sunrise & Sunset Tables for Conservation Learning Center, 16 & January February March April May June July August September October November December Date Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set 1 9:15 17:5 8:47 17:53 7:51 18:47 6:4 19:42 5:35 :33 4:51 21:18 4:51 21: 5:29 :56 6:19 19:53 7:8 18:43 8:3 17:37 8:54 16:58 2 9:15 17:6 8:46 17:55 7:49 18:49 6:37 19:43 5:33 :35 4:51 21:19 4:51 21: 5: :54 6:21 19:5 7: 18:4 8:5 17:35 8:55 16:57 3 9:15 17:7 8:44 17:57 7:46 18:51 6:35 19:45 5:31 :36 4:5 21: 4:52 21:29 5:32 :52 6:22 19:48 7:12 18:38 8:7 17:33 8:56 16:57 4 9:15 17:8 8:42 17:59 7:44 18:53 6:33 19:47 5: :38 4:49 21:21 4:53 21:29 5:33 :51 6:24 19:46 7:14 18:36 8:8 17:31 8:58 16:56 5 9:14 17:9 8:41 18:1 7:42 18:55 6:31 19:49 5:28 :4 4:49 21:22 4:54 21:28 5:35 :49 6:26 19:43 7:15 18:33 8: 17: 8:59 16:56 6 9:14 17:11 8:39 18:3 7:4 18:56 6:28 19:5 5:26 :41 4:48 21:23 4:55 21:27 5:37 :47 6:27 19:41 7:17 18:31 8:12 17:28 9: 16:55 7 9:14 17:12 8:37 18:5 7:37 18:58 6:26 19:52 5:24 :43 4:48 21:24 4:56 21:27 5:38 :45 6:29 19:39 7:19 18:29 8:14 17:26 9:1 16:55 8 9:13 17:13 8:36 18:7 7:35 19: 6:24 19:54 5:22 :45 4:47 21:25 4:57 21:26 5:4 :43 6: 19:36 7: 18:27 8:16 17:25 9:3 16:55 9 9:13 17:15 8:34 18:8 7:33 19:2 6:21 19:55 5:21 :46 4:47 21:26 4:58 21:25 5:41 :41 6:32 19:34 7:22 18:24 8:17 17:23 9:4 16:55 9:12 17:16 8:32 18: 7:31 19:3 6:19 19:57 5:19 :48 4:46 21:26 4:59 21:25 5:43 :39 6:34 19:32 7:24 18:22 8:19 17:21 9:5 16: :11 17:18 8: 18:12 7:28 19:5 6:17 19:59 5:17 :49 4:46 21:27 5: 21:24 5:45 :37 6:35 19:29 7:26 18: 8:21 17: 9:6 16: :11 17:19 8:28 18:14 7:26 19:7 6:15 :1 5:16 :51 4:46 21:28 5:1 21:23 5:46 :35 6:37 19:27 7:27 18:18 8:23 17:18 9:7 16: : 17:21 8:26 18:16 7:24 19:9 6:13 :2 5:14 :53 4:46 21:28 5:2 21:22 5:48 :34 6:39 19:25 7:29 18:15 8:25 17:17 9:8 16: :9 17:22 8:24 18:18 7:21 19:11 6: :4 5:13 :54 4:45 21:29 5:3 21:21 5:5 :31 6:4 19:22 7:31 18:13 8:26 17:15 9:9 16: :8 17:24 8:22 18: 7:19 19:12 6:8 :6 5:11 :56 4:45 21:29 5:5 21: 5:51 :29 6:42 19: 7:33 18:11 8:28 17:14 9:9 16: :8 17:25 8: 18:22 7:17 19:14 6:6 :8 5: :57 4:45 21: 5:6 21:19 5:53 :27 6:44 19:18 7:34 18:9 8: 17:13 9: 16: :7 17:27 8:18 18:23 7:15 19:16 6:4 :9 5:8 :59 4:45 21: 5:7 21:18 5:54 :25 6:45 19:15 7:36 18:7 8:32 17:11 9:11 16: :6 17:29 8:16 18:25 7:12 19:18 6:2 :11 5:7 21: 4:45 21:31 5:8 21:16 5:56 :23 6:47 19:13 7:38 18:5 8:33 17: 9:12 16: :5 17: 8:14 18:27 7: 19:19 5:59 :13 5:5 21:2 4:45 21:31 5: 21:15 5:58 :21 6:49 19:11 7:4 18:2 8:35 17:9 9:12 16:56 9:3 17:32 8:12 18:29 7:8 19:21 5:57 :14 5:4 21:3 4:46 21:31 5:11 21:14 5:59 :19 6:5 19:8 7:41 18: 8:37 17:8 9:13 16: :2 17:34 8: 18:31 7:5 19:23 5:55 :16 5:3 21:4 4:46 21:31 5:13 21:13 6:1 :17 6:52 19:6 7:43 17:58 8:38 17:7 9:13 16: :1 17:35 8:8 18:33 7:3 19:24 5:53 :18 5:2 21:6 4:46 21:31 5:14 21:11 6:3 :15 6:53 19:4 7:45 17:56 8:4 17:5 9:14 16: : 17:37 8:6 18:35 7:1 19:26 5:51 : 5: 21:7 4:46 21:31 5:15 21: 6:4 :13 6:55 19:1 7:47 17:54 8:42 17:4 9:14 16: :59 17:39 8:4 18:36 6:58 19:28 5:49 :21 4:59 21:9 4:47 21:31 5:17 21:8 6:6 : 6:57 18:59 7:48 17:52 8:43 17:3 9:15 16: :57 17:41 8:2 18:38 6:56 19: 5:47 :23 4:58 21: 4:47 21:31 5:18 21:7 6:8 :8 6:58 18:57 7:5 17:5 8:45 17:2 9:15 16: :56 17:42 8: 18:4 6:54 19:31 5:45 :25 4:57 21:11 4:48 21:31 5: 21:5 6:9 :6 7: 18:54 7:52 17:48 8:46 17:1 9:15 17: 27 8:55 17:44 7:57 18:42 6:51 19:33 5:43 :26 4:56 21:12 4:48 21:31 5:21 21:4 6:11 :4 7:2 18:52 7:54 17:46 8:48 17:1 9:15 17:1 28 8:53 17:46 7:55 18:44 6:49 19:35 5:41 :28 4:55 21:14 4:49 21:31 5:23 21:2 6:12 :2 7:3 18:5 7:56 17:44 8:49 17: 9:15 17:2 29 8:52 17:48 7:53 18:46 6:47 19:37 5:39 : 4:54 21:15 4:49 21:31 5:24 21:1 6:14 19:59 7:5 18:47 7:57 17:42 8:51 16:59 9:15 17:3 8:5 17:5 6:44 19:38 5:37 :31 4:53 21:16 4:5 21: 5:26 :59 6:16 19:57 7:7 18:45 7:59 17:4 8:52 16:58 9:15 17:4 31 8:49 17:52 6:42 19:4 4:52 21:17 5:27 :58 6:17 19:55 8:1 17:39 9:15 17:5 17 January February March April May June July August September October November December Date Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set 1 9:17 16:57 8:46 17:48 7:49 18:42 6:36 19:39 5:29 :33 4:42 21:21 4:41 21:33 5:21 :57 6:13 19:51 7:5 18:39 8:2 17:31 8:55 16:49 2 9:17 16:58 8:45 17:5 7:47 18:44 6:33 19:41 5:27 :35 4:41 21:22 4:42 21:33 5:22 :55 6:15 19:49 7:7 18:37 8:4 17:29 8:57 16:48 3 9:17 16:59 8:43 17:52 7:45 18:46 6:31 19:43 5:25 :36 4:41 21:23 4:42 21:32 5:24 :54 6:17 19:47 7:9 18:34 8:6 17:27 8:58 16:48 4 9:17 17: 8:41 17:54 7:43 18:48 6:29 19:44 5:23 :38 4:4 21:24 4:43 21:32 5:25 :52 6:18 19:44 7: 18:32 8:8 17:25 8:59 16:47 5 9:16 17:1 8:39 17:56 7:4 18:5 6:26 19:46 5:21 :4 4:39 21:25 4:44 21:31 5:27 :5 6: 19:42 7:12 18: 8: 17:23 9:1 16:47 6 9:16 17:3 8:38 17:57 7:38 18:52 6:24 19:48 5:19 :42 4:39 21:26 4:45 21: 5:29 :48 6:22 19:4 7:14 18:27 8:12 17:21 9:2 16:46 7 9:15 17:4 8:36 17:59 7:36 18:53 6:21 19:5 5:17 :43 4:38 21:27 4:46 21: 5: :46 6:24 19:37 7:16 18:25 8:13 17: 9:3 16:46 8 9:15 17:6 8:34 18:1 7:33 18:55 6:19 19:52 5:15 :45 4:37 21:28 4:47 21:29 5:32 :44 6:25 19:35 7:18 18:22 8:15 17:18 9:5 16:46 9 9:14 17:7 8:32 18:3 7:31 18:57 6:17 19:53 5:13 :47 4:37 21:28 4:48 21:28 5:34 :42 6:27 19:32 7:19 18: 8:17 17:16 9:6 16:45 9:13 17:9 8: 18:5 7:28 18:59 6:14 19:55 5:12 :48 4:37 21:29 4:49 21:27 5:36 :4 6:29 19: 7:21 18:18 8:19 17:14 9:7 16: :13 17: 8:28 18:7 7:26 19:1 6:12 19:57 5: :5 4:36 21: 4:5 21:26 5:37 :38 6: 19:28 7:23 18:16 8:21 17:13 9:8 16: :12 17:12 8:26 18:9 7:24 19:3 6: 19:59 5:8 :52 4:36 21:31 4:52 21:25 5:39 :36 6:32 19:25 7:25 18:13 8:23 17:11 9:9 16: :11 17:13 8:24 18:11 7:21 19:5 6:8 :1 5:7 :53 4:36 21:31 4:53 21:24 5:41 :34 6:34 19:23 7:27 18:11 8:25 17: 9: 16: : 17:15 8:22 18:13 7:19 19:6 6:5 :2 5:5 :55 4:36 21:32 4:54 21:23 5:42 :32 6:36 19: 7:29 18:9 8:27 17:8 9:11 16: :9 17:17 8: 18:15 7:17 19:8 6:3 :4 5:3 :57 4:35 21:32 4:55 21:22 5:44 : 6:37 19:18 7: 18:6 8:28 17:7 9:12 16: :8 17:18 8:18 18:17 7:14 19: 6:1 :6 5:2 :58 4:35 21:33 4:57 21:21 5:46 :28 6:39 19:15 7:32 18:4 8: 17:5 9:12 16: :7 17: 8:16 18:19 7:12 19:12 5:58 :8 5: 21: 4:35 21:33 4:58 21: 5:47 :25 6:41 19:13 7:34 18:2 8:32 17:4 9:13 16: :6 17:22 8:14 18:21 7:9 19:14 5:56 : 4:59 21:1 4:35 21:33 4:59 21:19 5:49 :23 6:43 19:11 7:36 18: 8:34 17:2 9:14 16: :5 17:23 8:12 18:23 7:7 19:16 5:54 :11 4:57 21:3 4:35 21:34 5:1 21:17 5:51 :21 6:44 19:8 7:38 17:57 8:36 17:1 9:15 16:46 9:4 17:25 8:9 18:25 7:5 19:17 5:52 :13 4:56 21:4 4:36 21:34 5:2 21:16 5:53 :19 6:46 19:6 7:4 17:55 8:37 17: 9:15 16: :3 17:27 8:7 18:27 7:2 19:19 5:5 :15 4:54 21:6 4:36 21:34 5:3 21:15 5:54 :17 6:48 19:3 7:41 17:53 8:39 16:59 9:16 16: :1 17:29 8:5 18:29 7: 19:21 5:47 :17 4:53 21:7 4:36 21:34 5:5 21:13 5:56 :14 6:49 19:1 7:43 17:51 8:41 16:58 9:16 16: : 17:31 8:3 18:31 6:57 19:23 5:45 :19 4:52 21:9 4:36 21:34 5:6 21:12 5:58 :12 6:51 18:58 7:45 17:49 8:42 16:56 9:17 16: :59 17:32 8:1 18:33 6:55 19:25 5:43 : 4:51 21: 4:37 21:34 5:8 21: 6: : 6:53 18:56 7:47 17:47 8:44 16:55 9:17 16: :57 17:34 7:58 18:35 6:53 19:26 5:41 :22 4:49 21:12 4:37 21:34 5:9 21:9 6:1 :8 6:55 18:54 7:49 17:45 8:46 16:54 9:17 16:5 26 8:56 17:36 7:56 18:36 6:5 19:28 5:39 :24 4:48 21:13 4:38 21:34 5:11 21:7 6:3 :5 6:56 18:51 7:51 17:43 8:47 16:53 9:17 16:5 27 8:54 17:38 7:54 18:38 6:48 19: 5:37 :26 4:47 21:14 4:38 21:34 5:13 21:6 6:5 :3 6:58 18:49 7:53 17:4 8:49 16:52 9:18 16: :53 17:4 7:52 18:4 6:45 19:32 5:35 :28 4:46 21:16 4:39 21:34 5:14 21:4 6:6 :1 7: 18:46 7:55 17:38 8:51 16:51 9:18 16: :51 17:42 6:43 19:34 5:33 :29 4:45 21:17 4:39 21:34 5:16 21:2 6:8 19:58 7:2 18:44 7:56 17:36 8:52 16:51 9:18 16:53 8:5 17:44 6:41 19:35 5:31 :31 4:44 21:18 4:4 21:33 5:17 21:1 6: 19:56 7:3 18:41 7:58 17:34 8:54 16:5 9:18 16: :48 17:46 6:38 19:37 4:43 21:19 5:19 :59 6:12 19:54 8: 17:33 9:18 16:55 1 National Research Council, Canada, Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics Page 21

28 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Bright Sunshine Hours Radiation 16 Bright Sunshine Days Month 16 # of Possible % of Possible 16 # of With 1 or > With 5 or > With or > Hours hours 1 hrs Days hours hours hours *Jan M M *Feb M M Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov *Dec M M M M M M Total M M M M M National Research Council, Canada, Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics * Missing or incomplete data due to Instrument Malfunction M= Missing Data Global and Diffuse Radiation (MJ/m 2 ) 16 January February March April May June July August September October November December Date Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse In stru ment Failure M Total Page 22

29 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Radiation 16 Bright Sunshine (hours) Cumulative Bright Sunshine (hours) Bright Sunshine Hours Incomplete January, February and December data due to Instrument Malfunction *Jan *Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov *Dec 16 Possible Daylight Hours Cumulative Hours 16 Radiation (MJ/m 2 ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug *Sep Oct Nov Dec Global Radiation Diffuse Radiation Monthly Comparison Global & Diffuse Radiation September Diffuse Information missing for September 1 to 8 due to shade ring misalignment Bright Sunshine Instrument 16 Dec, 15 photo credit: R. Jansen Global Radiation Sensor 16 Dec, 15 photo credit: R. Jansen Page 23

30 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Wind 16 Speed (km/h) Average 1/2 hr Maximum Average Highest Instantaneous Wind Speed Speed Direction Day (km/h) January WNW 29 February NW 7 March WSW 13 April NNW 6 May S 8 June SW 16 July N 12 August W 14 September NW 25 October N 5 November SSW 11 December NW Beaufort Wind Scale* High wind,near Gale 5-61 km/h Gale km/h Strong Gale km/h Storm, Whole Gale 89-2 km/h Violent Storm km/h Hurricane Force > 118 km/h *Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, 14. Beaufort Wind Scale Table. Extreme Daily Winds (km/h) Date Wind Speed/ Direction Beaufort Designation* January WNW Near Gale January WNW Near Gale February NW Gale February NW Gale March E Near Gale March 55.9 WSW Near Gale March WSW Gale April NW Near Gale April NNW Strong Gale April 52.3 NW Near Gale April E Near Gale May S Near Gale May NNE Near Gale May S Near Gale June W Near Gale June N Near Gale June SW Gale June WSW Near Gale June NW Near Gale July N Near Gale August W Near Gale August NNW Near Gale September NW Near Gale October NNE Near Gale October N Near Gale November SSW Near Gale December NW Near Gale December WNW Near Gale December 54.6 NW Near Gale Anemometer and meter tower 28 June 16 Photo: R. Jansen Page 24

31 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Wind 16 Average Wind Speed and Direction CLC North 35 5% 4% 3 4 4% 3 5 3% 3% 6 2% % 1% % West East % >9 m/s m/s m/s South m/s m/s Maximum Wind Speed and Direction CLC North 35 5% 5% 3 4 4% 4% 3 5 3% 6 3% 2% % 1% % West East % South >9 m/s 6-9 m/s 4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 1-2 m/s Page 25

32 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Wind 16 Daily Wind Speed and Maximum Gust Wind Speed Wind Speed km/h Wind Speed km/h Wind Speed km/h Wind Speed km/h ½ hr Maximum Wind Speed km/h ½ hr Average Wind Speed Km/h Monthly Averaged Wind Speed ½ hr Maximum Wind Speed km/h ½ hr Average Wind Speed Km/h Monthly Averaged Wind Speed ½ hr Maximum Wind Speed km/h ½ hr Average Wind Speed Km/h Monthly Averaged Wind Speed ½ hr Maximum Wind Speed km/h ½ hr Average Wind Speed Km/h Monthly Averaged Wind Speed January February March April May June July August September October November December Page 26

33 SRC Climate Reference Station, CLC, Annual Summary, 16 Wind 16 Windchill Calculation Chart Approximate Thresholds - Low Risk of hypothermia if outside for long periods without adequate protection -28 Risky Risk of frostnip/frostbite on extremities. Exposed skin can freeze in - minutes. -4 High Risk High risk of frostbite. Exposed skin can freeze in 5- minutes. -48 Very High Risk Serious risk of frostbite. Exposed skin can freeze in 2-5 minutes. -55 Extreme Risk 1: Environment Canada, 11, 13 Outdoor conditions hazardous. Exposed skin can freeze in 2 minutes or less. Anemometer tower 28 June 16 photo: R. Jansen Maximum Daily Wind Chill Value When Temperature < C JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Page 27

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