Seasonal abundance of leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and their relation to weather parameters in cotton

Transcription

1 2017; 6(5): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JPP 2017; 6(5): Reeived: epted: T Sthyn Tehing ssistnt (griulturl Entomology), KU, Crdmom Reserh Sttion, Pmpdumpr, Idukki, Kerl, N Murugesn Professor (griulturl TNU, Killikulm, Vllnd, Tutiorin, Tmil Ndu, K Elnhezhyn ssistnt Professor (griulturl TNU, Killikulm, Vllnd, Tutiorin, Tmil Ndu, Sush Chndr Bose Ph.D Sholr (griulturl TNU, Mduri, Tmil Ndu, MP Bhrth Ph.D Sholr (griulturl TNU, Mduri, Tmil Ndu,. Correspondene T Sthyn Tehing ssistnt (griulturl Entomology), KU, Crdmom Reserh Sttion, Pmpdumpr, Idukki, Kerl, Sesonl undne of lefhopper, mrs iguttul iguttul (Ishid) nd their reltion to wether prmeters in otton T Sthyn, N Murugesn, K Elnhezhyn, Sush Chndr Bose nd MP Bhrth strt In this study, field tril ws onduted to determine the effet of eologil ftors on the inidene nd development of lefhopper, mrs iguttul iguttul Ishid of otton t four different s of plnt etween Otoer, 2014 nd Mrh, 2015 t griulturl Killikulm, Vllnd, Tutiorin distrit of Tmil Ndu. The overll men popultion rnged from 0.90 to 3.79 per three leves. The ontriution of wether prmeters to the tune of 47 to 53 per ent on the inidene of lefhopper in SVPR 4 otton. The pest popultion ws strted from first week of Novemer on three weeks old rop nd peked six times (4, 8, 12, 16, 18 nd 20 WS) in unproteted ondition; five times reprodutive (4, 8, 16, 19 nd 22 WS); four times in vegettive proteted plnts (4, 10, 16 nd 21 WS) followed y three peks (11, 15 nd 20 WS) on ompletely proteted plnts. mong the studied wether ftors, only three prmeters suh s rinfll, evportion nd sunshine hours influened the popultion of lefhoppers. Keywords: Cotton, lefhopper, wether ftors, sesonl undne, orreltion nd regression nlyses 1. Introdution Cotton, Gossypium spp. (Fmily: Mlvee) is one of the most ommerilly importnt fire rops in the world. It is perennil semi-shru grown s n nnul rop in oth tropil nd wrm temperte regions. In ddition to textile mnufturing, it produes seeds with potentil multi produt se suh s hulls, oil, lint nd food for nimls (Ozyigit et l. 2007; shfq et l., 2011) [13, 5]. The otton is not only prinipl sh rop ut lso eh nd every prts of the otton plnt re useful to frmers in one wy or the other (Shivnn et l., 2009) [25]. Prodution of otton is limited y vrious ftors mong whih sourge y inset pests re of prmount importne. Cotton is dmged y n rry of inset pests from sowing to hrvest. mong them, suking pests viz., lefhopper, thrips, whitefly, mirid ug, melyug nd dusky otton ugs uses per ent yield redution (Stpute et l. 1990) [20]. Lefhopper, mrs iguttul iguttul Ishid is of mjor importne in otton rop. Lefhoppers our t ll the stges of rop growth nd responsile for indiret yield losses. Sine, nymphs nd dults suk the sp from the leves whih leds to redution in growth nd vigour of the plnt. In severe se of infesttion, the plnts get dried up nd die (Mdr nd Ktti, 2010) [10]. Use of hemil ontrol is not only reting helth hzrds nd eologil ontmintion ut lso growing the resistne in the insets nd disturing the lne etween the fores of destrution nd fores of retion in gro-eosystem (Sorejni, 1998) [27]. High popultions of lefhoppers survive every yer, despite extensive nd intensive pplition of insetiides. The ourrene nd progress of ll the inset pests re muh dependent upon the environmentl ftors suh s temperture, reltive humidity nd preipittion (heer et l., 1994) [2]. Climti onditions lrgely influene the pest numers nd tivity s well s severl predtors nd prsitoids either diretly or indiretly (rif et l., 2006) [4]. For developing wether sed pest forewrning system, informtion regrding popultion dynmis in reltion to prevlent wether prmeters is needed. The sme meteorologil prmeters lso influene the growth nd development of the rop growth. Therefore, thorough understnding of intertion etween the rop growth stge, meteorologil prmeters nd pest dynmis is pre-requisite for wether sed pest foresting model. Hene, the present study ws rried out on lotion speifi sesonl inidene nd pek tivity of lefhopper on otton nd its reltion with wether ftors whih is of gret signifine in formulting effiient pest mngement ttis. ~ 2793 ~

2 Mteril nd Methods The present study ws rried out t griulturl College nd Reserh Institute, Killikulm, Vllnd, Tutiorin distrit of Tmil Ndu etween fortnight of Otoer, 2014 nd fortnight of Mrh in The experiment ws lid out in Ftoril onept of Rndomized Blok Design (FRBD) with five replitions nd four tretments viz. 1. Proteting the vegettive (sprying on 15 nd 30 DS). 2. Proteting the reprodutive (sprying on 45, 60, 75, 90 nd 105 DS). 3. (fortnightly sprying from 15 DS). 4. Untreted hek. DS- Dys fter Sowing The plot size for eh tretment ws 5 x 4 m (20 m 2 ) plots. The seeds were sown t two per hole with sping 60 x 30 m. The insetiide, dimethote (Rogor 30 EC) ws used t the rte of 0.03 per ent. The dt on wether ftors i.e., Mximum nd minimum tempertures, rinfll, sunshine hours, wind veloity, reltive humidity nd evportion were tken from Deprtment of gronomy, C&RI, Killikulm. The dt on lefhopper popultion were reorded from 1 st week of Novemer to 18 th Mrh t weekly intervl from ten rndomly seleted plnts from eh plot. Lefhoppers were ounted from three leves eh from top, middle nd ottom nopies of the plnt (CICR, 2015) [6]. Mirosoft Offie Exel 2007 ws used to ondut the sttistil nlysis of simple orreltion nd multiple regression oeffiients. Results nd Disussion Popultion dynmis of. iguttul iguttul The present investigtion lerly rought out the seriousness of lefhopper throughout the rop growth period of otton in this trt, espeilly in flowering. Similr results were roughtout from nith nd Nndihlli (2008) [3] nd rif et l. (2006) [4] from their reserh. The lefhopper inidene ppered from erly stge nd exeeded eonomi threshold level (1/lef) y third week fter sowing. Mohnkumr (1996) [12] lso hs doumented the ourrene of lefhopper from erly vegettive to lte hrvest stge nd reported mximum level 60 to 70 DS. The popultion of. iguttul rnged from 0.90 to 3.79 per three leves nd the overll men in the present reserh is 2.12 numers/ three leves whih ws omprle to those of shfq et l. (2011) [5], ro et l. (2004) [1] nd Solngi et l. (2008) [26]. The lest popultion ws reorded in the tretment of omplete (0.90/3 leves) followed y vegettive (1.36/3 leves). reprodutive reorded signifintly higher popultion (2.44/3 leves) thn vegettive ut lower thn untreted hek (3.79/3 leves) (Fig. 1). vegettive ws on pr with omplete from fifth week fter sowing up to 10 th week fter sowing; therefter the lefhopper popultion ws either numerilly or signifintly higher from 19 th week fter sowing. vegettive hd lower popultion thn untreted hek up to 18 th week, therefter; they were equl etween themselves up to 20 th week (Tle 1). n inrese in popultion ws oserved on vegettive proteted plnts therefter. On untreted plnts, the lefhopper popultion peked six times (4, 8, 12, 16, 18 nd 20 WS), wheres five peks were oserved reprodutive (4, 8, 16, 19 nd 22 WS). On vegettive proteted plnts (4, 10, 16 nd 21 WS), the lefhopper popultion peked four times. Lefhopper popultion hd three peks (11, 15 nd 20 WS) on ompletely proteted plnts. Reports of Senpti nd Mohnty (1980) [22] support the present findings s the popultion inrese from Jnury up to Mrh. Shivnn et l. (2009) [25] lso reveled tht the lefhopper popultion ws notied first nd seond fortnight of pril, first fortnight of My, first fortnight of June, seond fortnight of Ferury nd first nd seond fortnight of Mrh, respetively. Correltion etween lefhopper popultion nd meteorologil prmeters The lefhopper popultion on otton plnts proteted vegettive (Tle 2) hd positive ssoition with mximum temperture (0.4719*) nd negtive ssoition with minimum temperture ( *), rinfll ( *) nd evportion ( *). On reprodutive, lefhopper inidene hd positive reltion with reltive humidity (0.5468*) nd negtive reltion with minimum temperture ( *), sunshine hours ( **) nd evportion ( **). In the plots ompletely proteted vegettive nd reprodutive, lefhopper popultion hd positive inding with mximum temperture (16*) nd negtive inding with minimum temperture ( **), rinfll ( *) nd evportion ( *). On untreted plnts lefhopper popultion hd positive orreltion with mximum temperture (0.4982*), wheres negtive orreltion with minimum temperture ( *), rinfll ( *), sunshine hours ( *) nd evportion ( **). [24] Shitole nd Ptel (2009) reported tht lefhopper popultion inresed with mximum temperture whih onfirms our finding. Similrly, Selvrj et l. (2011) [21] reported tht the signifint negtive ssoition ws otined with mximum temperture nd sunshine hours whih show prtil onformity with the present results. The lef hopper popultion hd negtive reltionship with evportion, rinfll nd sunshine hours. This derives support from Dhk nd Preek (2008) [7], Kur et l. (2009) [8], Prsd et l. (2008) [15], Rdhik nd Reddy (2007) [16], Rmmurthy et l. (2000) [18], Ro et l. (2001) [19] nd Shhid et l. (2012) [23]. Regression nlyses etween lefhopper popultion nd meteorologil prmeters The present study revels tht the ontriution of wether prmeters to the tune of 47 to 53 per ent on the inidene of lefhopper in SVPR 4 otton (Tle 3). Erlier Pndi (1997) [14], Mnish (1998) [11], Kvith (2000) [9] limed 37 to 47, 22 to 85 nd 37 to 93 per ent ontriution respetively of wether prmeters on the vriility in lefhopper popultion on LR 5168 otton. The influene of rinfll nd evportion on the lefhopper popultion y 51 per ent (R 2 =0.5077) nd unit inrese in y 0.14 nd 0.82 numer respetively. The rinfll nd evportion influened the vriility in lefhopper popultion y 47 per ent (R 2 = ) nd unit inrese in y 0.02 nd 0.85 numers respetively. out 49 per ent (R 2 = ) of vrition in lefhopper popultion ws ounted for the effet of rinfll nd evportion; unit inrese in y 0.06 nd 0.55 numers respetively. The ontriution of the wether prmeters ws modertely higher when the plnts re under prolonged period of ~ 2794 ~

3 unproteted ondition entire reprodutive throughout the rop period. Under unproteted onditions rop usully eome stunted in growth with poor nourishment for the suking pests. Proly, under suh stress ondition, wherein only less nourishment ould e reeived y the suking pests from the stunted plnts, the lefhopper might hve een muh influened y the ioti ftors. Kvith (2000) [9] lso hve reported influene of more wether prmeters on the inidene of lefhopper whenever the inset is unheked throughout the rop growth or vegettive / reprodutive lone. Rinfll nd evportion were the influening wether prmeters under prtil or omplete proteted ondition, while sunshine hours nd evportion plyed deisive role under omplete unproteted ondition. Similr reports on the effet of rinfll (Mnish, 1998; Kvith, 2000; Rjrm et l., 2001) [14, 9, 17] re lso ville. From this study it is evident tht, the seriousness of lefhopper ws found throughout the rop growth period of otton nd wether prmeters hs ontriuted out 50 per ent on their inidene. Rinfll nd evportion were the influening wether prmeters under prtil or omplete proteted ondition, while rinfll nd sunshine hours plyed deisive role under omplete unproteted ondition. These studies will wrn the frmers out the popultion flutution nd will e helpful for devising pre-plnned mngement strtegies ginst this pest. Tle 1: Effet of different levels of plnt on. devstns vegettive reprodutive Untreted hek Men Lefhopper popultion (No. / 3 leves) Week fter sowing (WS) (0.77) 2.64 (1.75) 2.68 E (1.76) 4.60 CDEFGH (2.14) 2.51 (1.61) 1.04 (1.09) 3.28 EFG (1.93) 2.44 E (1.69) 5.00 EFGH (2.28) 2.86 (1.75) B 0.06 (1.05) 3.08 DEFG (1.89) 1.80 CDE (1.46) 3.88 GH (2.05) 2.36 (1.61) 0.66 (1.11) CDEFG (1.87) 1.84 DE (1.51) 3.20 (1.88) 2.26 (1.59) 0.94 (0.82) 4.36 FG (2.20) G () 2.08 (1.48) 0.84 (1.18) 5.04 G (2.32) B (0.97) 4.96 FGH (2.31) 2.89 (1.70) 0.08 EFG (1.92) 3.08 (1.88) 1.85 (1.45) 1.02 (1.18) DE (1.53) 2.84 DE (1.81) 1.60 (1.38) 0.88 (0.75) 2.20 DE (1.54) DE (1.57) 3.32 G (1.92) (1.44) 1.02 (1.06) 1.80 DE (1.47) 0.36 B (0.89) 4.76 DEFGH (2.24) (1.42) vegettive reprodutive Untreted hek Men Lefhopper popultion (No. / 3 leves) Week fter sowing (WS) Men 0.94 (1.16) 1.94 DE (1.49) 0.40 (0.94) 4.40 DEFGH (2.21) (1.45) 0.84 (1.15) 1.88 DE (1.49) 0.48 (0.99) 3.40 G (1.91) 1.70 (1.38) 0.08 (0.76) 0.98 (1.21) 1.28 BCD (1.30) 2.12 B (1.59) 1.10 (1.21) 1.02 (1.22) 2.54 BCDE (1.69) 0.20 B (0.83) 5.72 GH (2.36) 2.40 (1.52) 0.88 (1.12) 1.50 (1.40) 0.24 B (0.86) 5.44 H (2.40) (1.45) 1.02 (1.22) 1.72 DE (1.48) 0.16 (0.81) 5.72 FGH (2.33) 2.20 (1.46) 2.80 B (1.81) 2.08 DE (1.54) 0.44 B (0.96) 2.76 D (1.78) (1.52) 4.36 D (2.19) 1.36 B (1.29) 0.92 D (1.13) 3.20 G (1.89) 2.50 (1.63) 6.12 E (2.49) 1.68 D (1.43) 0.76 (1.12) 2.40 (1.69) 2.70 (1.68) 3.48 C (1.97) 2.16 DE (1.59) 0.00 (0.71) 1.72 (1.37) 1.80 (1.41) Men of three replitions. Figures in prentheses re squre root trnsformed vlues (x+0.5) ½. In olumn/row, mens followed y ommon letter re not signifintly different t 5 % level (LSD). T P T x P Signifine CD (p=0.05) (1.25) 2.44 (1.65) 0.90 (1.12) 3.79 () d 2.12 (1.51) ~ 2795 ~

4 Tle 2: Correltion o-effiient etween wether prmeters nd inidene of. iguttul iguttul under different levels of plnt on otton Temperture ( o C) Mximum Minimum Rinfll (mm) Wether Prmeters Sunshine Wind veloity (hours) (km/hr) Reltive humidity (%) Evportion (mm) vegettive * * * NS NS NS * reprodutive 16 * ** * NS NS NS * Untreted hek * * * * NS NS ** * - Signifint t 5% level ** - Signifint t 1% level NS - Non Signifint NS * NS ** NS * ** Tle 3: Influene of wether prmeters on. iguttul iguttul under different levels of plnt on otton Yer Vrile Men Regression Coeffiient Stndrd error t stt Proility Interept R 2 vlue Veg. Rinfll Evportion Rep. Rinfll Evportion Rinfll Evportion Untreted Rinfll hek Sunshine (hours) Fig 1: Influene of levels of plnt on the inidene of lefhopper ~ 2796 ~

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