Gerald H. Pollack, PhD University of Washington Seattle
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1 Gerald H. Pollack, PhD University of Washington Seattle Water Conference October 2016
2
3 Why only one cloud when the vapor rises all over?
4 What keeps clouds afloat?
5 Why do dark clouds sometimes produce rain, other times not?
6
7 NOT H 2 O H 3 O 2 Negatively charged water positive charges here
8 A charged battery in water EZ, or fourth phase Potential energy
9
10
11 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
12 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
13 ICE Ice to EZ: remove protons negative charge
14
15 EZ to ice
16 add protons
17 ice
18
19 evidence Is EZ really necessary for ice formation?
20 Freeze initiates in EZ
21
22
23 ice (EZ + protons)
24 Testing the proton rush replace microspheres with ph-sensitive dye
25 red color = many protons
26 Ice formation involves protons EZ + protons = ice
27
28 Melting? Does melting produce EZ water + protons? Absorption spectra just melted water samples 270 nm = signature of EZ
29 Ice to EZ EZ to H 2 O
30 Ice, snow, fourth phase video clip: P: PROK Or
31 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
32 Evaporation
33 Rising vapor, imaged immediately above warm water
34 Corresponding structure in water?
35 Warm water
36 water contains structure Warm water - low angle illumination
37 Infrared-camera image of warm water from top
38 Could the lines denote real structure?
39 Hint: infrared image of EZ + water Nafion water 1 mm EZ is dark (radiates less than bulk water)
40 EZ material?
41 Mosaic builds from droplets / bubbles EZ (EZ shells)
42 Protons escape Net negative charge
43
44 droplet cluster glued by protons
45 Like-likes-like because of intermediate of unlikes Feynman
46 Example: negatively charged colloids in suspension 2 hrs 4 hrs Ise et al.
47 Eventual clusters (magnified)
48
49 droplet cluster glued by protons
50 Clusters extend downward Mosaic cells = mosaic tubes
51 Mechanism of Evaporation horizontal section
52 vapor patterns come from liquid patterns
53 Droplets dissipate Droplets cluster
54
55 humid air clearer air
56 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation what makes clouds? Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
57 Atmospheric contents
58 Cloud formation: like-likes like
59 What keeps clouds suspended in the sky?
60 Cloud charge?
61 Electric field at earth s surface: 100 volts / meter Electric field
62 Are charge forces large enough?
63
64 50, 000
65
66 What keeps clouds suspended? Repulsion More negative charge Less negative charge
67 high negative charge medium negative charge low negative charge
68 Side issue + _ Plus clings to minus; atmosphere clings to earth Does cling force explain atmos. pressure?
69 Water cycle and weather Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
70 ?????????????? Rain maybe a pix of heavy rain?
71 Pressure? Temperature? Charge?
72 Induction always attracts
73 Charged balloon
74
75 Negatively charged
76
77 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
78 Protons diminish with increasing altitude Field strength diminishes with increasing altitude
79 Field strength increases with sunshine
80 Redrawn from Niels Jonassen
81 Electric field varies with time of day
82 gradient
83 Wind!
84
85
86 Water and ice Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Wind Weather exotica
87
88
89
90 Why more in winter?
91
92 lower
93 Lower, larger Still lower; induction; rain
94 Rain pulled toward earth
95 Cloud must lower enough past critical point of inductive inevitability (Like orgasm) Rain PULLED to earth. Velocity up to 10x calculated speed.
96 Exotic weather
97
98
99
100
101 like-likes like keeps it together fierce winds Induction pulls up refrigerators
102 Different from expected Different from expected
103 Will charges help us decide whether to bring an umbrella to work?
104 More information
105 new Institute for Venture Science funding promising ideas that challenge conventional thinking Now reviewing pre-proposals
106 More information
107 End
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