High Energy Astrophysics

Transcription

1 Hgh Energy Astrophyscs Thrd Edton MALCOLM S. LONGAIR Emertus Jacksonan Professor of Natural Phlosophy, Cavendsh Laboratory, Unversty of Cambrdge CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Preface Acknowledgements page x xv Part Astronomcal background 1 Hgh energy astrophyscs-an ntroducton Hgh energy astrophyscs and modern physcs and astronomy The sky n dfferent astronomcal wavebands Optcal waveband Infrared waveband Mllmetre and submllmetre waveband Rado waveband Ultravolet waveband X-ray waveband y-ray waveband Cosmc ray astrophyscs Other non-electromagnetc astronomes Concludng remarks 34 2 The stars and stellar evoluton Introducton Basc observatons Stellar structure The equatons of energy generaton and energy transport The equatons of stellar structure The Sun as a star Evoluton of hgh and low mass stars Stellar evoluton on the colour-magntude dagram Mass loss Concluson 75 3 The galaxes Introducton, The Hubble sequence 78 VII

3 v Contents 3.3 The red and blue sequences Further correlatons among the propertes of galaxes The masses of galaxes The lumnosty functon of galaxes 95 4 Clusters of galaxes The morphologes of rch clusters of galaxes Clusters of galaxes and sothermal gas spheres The Coma Cluster of galaxes Mass dstrbuton of hot gas and dark matter n clusters Coolng flows n clusters of galaxes The Sunyaev-Zeldovch effect n hot ntracluster gas Gravtatonal lensng by galaxes and clusters of galaxes Dark matter n galaxes and clusters of galaxes 123 Part II Physcal processes 5 lonsaton losses Introducton Ionsaton losses - non-relatvstc treatment The relatvstc case Practcal forms of the onsaton loss formulae Ionsaton losses of electrons Nuclear emulsons, plastcs and meteortes Dynamcal frcton _ Radaton of accelerated charged partcles and bremsstrahlung of electrons Introducton The radaton of accelerated charged partcles Bremsstrahlung Non-relatvstc bremsstrahlung energy loss rate Thermal bremsstrahlung Relatvstc bremsstrahlung The dynamcs of charged partcles n magnetc felds A unform statc magnetc feld A tme-varyng magnetc feld The scatterng of charged partcles by rregulartes n the magnetc feld The scatterng of hgh energy partcles by Alfven and hydromagnetc waves The dffuson-loss equaton for hgh energy partcles Synchrotron radaton The total energy loss rate Non-relatvstc gyroradaton and cyclotron radaton 195

4 Contents 8.3 The spectrum of synchrotron radaton - physcal arguments The spectrum of synchrotron radaton - a fuller verson The synchrotron radaton of a power-law dstrbuton of electron energes The polarsaton of synchrotron radaton Synchrotron self-absorpton Useful numercal results The rado emsson of the Galaxy Interactons of hgh energy photons Photoelectrc absorpton Thomson and Compton scatterng Inverse Compton scatterng Comptonsaton The Sunyaev-Zeldovch effect Synchrotron-self-Compton radaton Cherenkov radaton Electron-postron par producton Electron-photon cascades, electromagnetc showers and the detecton of ultra-hgh energy y-rays Electron-postron annhlaton and postron producton mechansms Nuclear nteractons Nuclear nteractons and hgh energy astrophyscs 279 ~ Spallaton cross-sectons Nuclear emsson lnes Cosmc rays n the atmosphere Aspects of plasma physcs and magnetohydrodynamcs Elementary concepts n plasma physcs Magnetc flux freezng Shockwaves The Earth's magnetosphere Magnetc buoyancy Reconnecton of magnetc lnes of force 323 Part III Hgh energy astrophyscs n our Galaxy 12 Interstellar gas and magnetc felds The nterstellar medum n the lfe cycle of stars Dagnostc tools - neutral nterstellar gas Ionsed nterstellar gas Interstellar dust An overall pcture of the nterstellar gas 353

5 * x Contents X 12.6 Star formaton 12.7 The Galactc magnetc feld 13 Dead stars 13.1 Supernovae 13.2 Whte dwarfs, neutron stars and the Chandrasekhar lmt 13.3 Whte dwarfs 13.4 Neutron stars 13.5 The dscovery of neutron stars 13.6 The Galactc populaton of neutron stars 13.7 Thermal emsson of neutron stars 13.8 Pulsar gltches 13.9 The pulsar magnetosphere The rado and hgh energy emsson of pulsars Black holes 14 Accreton power n astrophyscs 14.1 Introducton 14.2 Accreton - general consderatons Thn accreton dscs 14.4 Thck dscs and advectve flows 14.5 Accreton n bnary systems 14.6 Accretng bnary systems 14.7 Black holes n X-ray bnares 14.8 Fnal thoughts 15 Cosmc rays 15.1 The energy spectra of cosmc ray protons and nucle 15.2 The abundances of the elements n the cosmc rays 15.3 The sotropy and energy densty of cosmc rays 15.4 Gamma ray observatons of the Galaxy 15.5 The orgn of the lght elements n the cosmc rays 15.6 The confnement tme of cosmc rays n the Galaxy and cosmc ray clocks 15.7 The confnement volume for cosmc rays 15.8 The Galactc halo 15.9 The hghest energy cosmc rays and extensve ar-showers Observatons of the hghest energy cosmc rays The sotropy of ultra-hgh energy cosmc rays The Gresen Kuzmn-Zatsepn (GKZ) cut-off 16 The orgn of cosmc rays n our Galaxy 16.1 Introducton 16.2 Energy loss processes for hgh energy electrons ~~ j r ( t j 1 ;

6 Contents 16.3 Dffuson-loss equaton for hgh energy electrons Supernova remnants as sources of hgh energy partcles The mnmum energy requrements for synchrotron radaton Supernova remnants as sources of hgh energy electrons The evoluton of supernova remnants The adabatc loss problem and the acceleraton of hgh energy partcles The acceleraton of hgh energy partcles General prncples of acceleraton The acceleraton of partcles n solar flares Ferm acceleraton - orgnal verson Dffusve shock acceleraton n strong shock waves Beyond the standard model The hghest energy cosmc rays 580 Part IV Extragalactc hgh energy astrophyscs 18 Actve galaxes Introducton Rado galaxes and hgh energy astrophyscs The quasars Seyfert galaxes Blazars, superlumnal sources and y-ray sources Low Ionsaton Nuclear Emsson Regons - LINERs Ultra-Lumnous InfraRed Galaxes - ULIRGs X-ray surveys of actve galaxes ' Unfcaton schemes for actve galaxes Black holes n the nucle of galaxes The propertes of blackloles^ Elementary consderatons "~~"^- ^ Dynamcal evdence for supermassve black holes n galactc nucle The Soltan argument Black holes and spherod masses, X-ray observatons of fluorescence lnes n actve galactc nucle The growth of black holes n the nucle of galaxes The vcnty of the black hole The prme ngredents of actve galactc nucle The contnuum spectrum The emsson lne regons - the overall pcture The narrow-lne regons the example of Cygnus A The broad-lne regons and reverberaton mappng 646

7 Contents 20.6 The algnment effect and shock exctaton of emsson lne regons Accreton dscs about supermassve black holes Extragalactc rado sources Extended rado sources - Fanaroff-Rley types The astrophyscs of FR2 rado sources The FR1 rado sources The mcroquasars Jet physcs Compact extragalactc sources and superlumnal motons Compact rado sources Superlumnal motons Relatvstc beamng. _ The superlumnal source populaton^ --_^_^^ Synchro-Compton radaton and the nverse ~~ Compton catastrophe y-ray sources n actve galactc nucle y-ray bursts Cosmologcal aspects of hgh energy astrophyscs The cosmc evoluton of galaxes and actve galaxes The essental theoretcal tools The evoluton of non-thermal sources wth cosmc epoch The evoluton of thermal sources wth cosmc epoch Md-and far-nfrared number counts Submllmetre number counts ' The global star-formaton rate The old red galaxes Puttng t all together 749 Appendx Astronomcal conventons and nomenclature 753 A.I Galactc coordnates and projectons of the celestal sphere onto a plane 753 A.2 Dstances n astronomy 755 A.3 Masses n astronomy 759 A.4 Flux denstes, lumnostes, magntudes and colours 760 A. 5 Dffracton-lmted telescopes 764 A.6 Interferometry and synthess magng 771 A.7 The senstvtes of astronomcal detectors 774 A.8 Unts and relatvstc notaton 779 Bblography 783 Name ndex 825 Object ndex 829 Index 831