A100H Exploring the Universe: Quasars, Dark Matter, Dark Energy. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy

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1 A100H Exploring the :, Dark Matter, Dark Energy Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy April 19, 2016 Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 1

2 BH in Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Emphasizes Chapters Some topics from entire course folded in... Same format: approximately 2/3 multiple choice, 1/3 short answer Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 2

3 BH in Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Orchard Hill observing Open on Thursdays when weather is good See for details Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 2

4 BH in Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Orchard Hill observing Today: and Active What are quasars? What is the power source for quasars and other active galactic nuclei? Do supermassive black holes really exist? How do quasars let us study gas between the? Dark Matter & Dark Energy What is dark matter & dark energy? What is the evidence for dark matter? Does dark matter really exist? Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 2

5 BH in The highly redshifted spectra of quasars indicate large distances From brightness and distance we find that luminosities of some quasars are > L Sun Variability shows that all this energy comes from region smaller than solar system Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 3

6 BH in Quasar is an abbreviation for quasi-stellar object Quasar in a galaxy Their spectra looks like those of stars But way too bright to be seen at observed redshift It took decades to figure out what is going on Their existence is consistent with supermassive black holes at the centers of Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 4

7 BH in Quasar is an abbreviation for quasi-stellar object The accretion disk around the black hole Their spectra looks like those of stars But way too bright to be seen at observed redshift It took decades to figure out what is going on Their existence is consistent with supermassive black holes at the centers of Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 4

8 Thought question BH in What can you conclude from the fact that quasars usually have very large redshifts? (A) They are generally very distant (B) They were more common early in time (C) Galaxy collisions might turn them on (D) Nearby might hold dead quasars Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 5

9 Thought question BH in What can you conclude from the fact that quasars usually have very large redshifts? (A) They are generally very distant (B) They were more common early in time (C) Galaxy collisions might turn them on (D) Nearby might hold dead quasars All of the above! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 5

10 and collisions BH in Galaxies around quasars sometimes appear disturbed by collisions Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 6

11 Non-thermal emission BH in Synchrotron emission: Electron spirals around magnetic field line electron emits photons Relativistic speeds Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 7

12 Non-thermal emission BH in Synchrotron emission: Electron spirals around magnetic field line electron emits photons Relativistic speeds Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 7

13 Distribution of wavelengths BH in powerfully radiate energy over a very wide range of wavelengths, indicating that they contain matter with a wide range of temperatures Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 8

14 Radio Galaxies BH in Radio contain active nuclei shooting out vast jets of plasma that emits radio waves coming from electrons moving at near light speed Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 9

15 Radio Galaxies BH in Radio contain active nuclei shooting out vast jets of plasma that emits radio waves coming from electrons moving at near light speed Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 9

16 Radio Galaxies BH in The lobes of radio can extend over hundreds of millions of light years Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 10

17 BH in An active galactic nucleus can shoot out blobs of plasma moving at nearly the speed of light Speed of ejection suggests that a black hole is present Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 11

18 Origin of BH in are thought to come from twisting of magnetic field in the inner part of accretion disk Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 12

19 What produces the jets? BH in Rotating disk winds up magnetic field Gas heated, ionized at inner edge of disk Electrons accelerated by magnetic field Emits synchrotron radiation Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 13

20 Observations of disks and jets BH in Disk: 75 ly (250 pc) in diameter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 14

21 BH in Radio don t appear as quasars because dusty gas clouds block our view of accretion disk Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 15

22 Appearance depends on disk orientation BH in Accretion disk EDGE on: See both jets, double-lobed radio source Hot accretion disk hidden by cooler disk at larger radii Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 16

23 Appearance depends on disk orientation BH in Accretion disk EDGE on: See both jets, double-lobed radio source Hot accretion disk hidden by cooler disk at larger radii Accretion disk TILTED: See both blackbody radiation from disk and synchrotron radiation from jets Very luminous Quasar Less luminous Radio galaxy Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 16

24 Appearance depends on disk orientation BH in Accretion disk EDGE on: See both jets, double-lobed radio source Hot accretion disk hidden by cooler disk at larger radii Accretion disk TILTED: See both blackbody radiation from disk and synchrotron radiation from jets Very luminous Quasar Less luminous Radio galaxy Accretion disk FACE on: Intense source of Synchrotron emission Called a Blazar Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 16

25 of Active Galaxies BH in Luminosity can be enormous (> L Sun ) Luminosity can rapidly vary (comes from a space smaller than solar system) Emit energy over a wide range of wavelengths (contain matter with wide temperature range) Some drive jets of plasma at near light speed Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 17

26 What is the power source for quasars and other active galactic nuclei? BH in Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 18

27 What is the power source for quasars and other active galactic nuclei? BH in Accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole appears to be the only way to explain all the properties of quasars Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 18

28 Energy from a Black Hole BH in Gravitational potential energy of matter falling into black hole turns into kinetic energy Friction in accretion disk turns kinetic energy into thermal energy (heat) Heat produces thermal radiation (photons) This process can convert 10-40% of E = mc 2 into radiation Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 19

29 What about the luminosity? BH in Blackbody radiation comes from an accretion disk of hot gas Friction causes gas to slowly fall into hole Friction heats the disk, light comes from the inner edge of accretion disk Instabilities in the accretion disk cause the variations in luminosity Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 20

30 Do supermassive black holes really exist? BH in Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 21

31 Do supermassive black holes really exist? BH in Orbital speed and distance of gas orbiting center of M87 indicate a black hole with mass of 3 billion M Sun Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 21

32 Do supermassive black holes really exist? BH in Orbits of stars at center of Milky Way stars indicate a black hole with mass of 4 million M Sun Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 22

33 Black holes in BH in Many nearby perhaps all of them have supermassive black holes at their centers These black holes seem to be dormant active galactic nuclei All may have passed through a quasar-like stage earlier in time Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 23

34 Black holes in BH in Mass of a galaxy s central black hole is closely related to mass of its bulge Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 24

35 Black holes in BH in Development of central black hole must be related to galaxy evolution, somehow Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 24

36 Interacting : feeding the monster BH in Observed to be at the center of distant The fuzzy extension and irregular morphology typical of interacting Galaxy interactions deposit into the nuclear regions to feed the Black Hole Stellar bars might be able to funnel gas into the nucleus from the disk of the galaxy [Stars][Gas] Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 25

37 How do quasars let us study gas between the? BH in Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 26

38 How do quasars let us study gas between the? BH in Gas clouds between a quasar and Earth absorb some of a quasar s light Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 26

39 How do quasars let us study gas between the? BH in Gas clouds between a quasar and Earth absorb some of a quasar s light We can learn about protogalactic clouds by studying the absorption lines they produce in quasar spectra Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 26

40 BH in What are quasars? Active galactic nuclei are very bright objects seen in the centers of some, and quasars are the most luminous type What is the power source for quasars and other active galactic nuclei? The only model that adequately explains the observations holds that supermassive black holes are the power source Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 27

41 BH in Do supermassive black holes really exist? Observations of stars and gas clouds orbiting at the centers of indicate that many, and perhaps all of them, have supermassive black holes How do quasars let us study gas between the? Absorption lines in the spectra of quasars tell us about intergalactic clouds between those quasars and Earth Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 28

42 BH in Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no light but whose existence we infer from its gravitational influence Dark Energy: An unknown form of energy that seems to be the source of a repulsive force causing the expansion of the to accelerate Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 29

43 BH in Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no light but whose existence we infer from its gravitational influence Dark Energy: An unknown form of energy that seems to be the source of a repulsive force causing the expansion of the to accelerate Contents of the Component Fraction Normal Matter: 4.4% Normal Matter inside stars: 0.6% Normal Matter outside stars: 3.8% Dark Matter: 23% Dark Energy: 73% Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 29

44 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets average velocity Orbital period, P Average distance, a a 3 = P 2 P = a 3/2 Orbital velocity: v = 2πa P a P 1 a semi-major axis Alternatively: v 2 = GM R Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30 v = GM R

45 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets Solar systems rotation curve declines because Sun has almost all the mass Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30

46 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets Solar systems rotation curve declines because Sun has almost all the mass Rotation curve of stay flat with distance 1. Mass must be more spread out than in solar system Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30

47 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets Solar systems rotation curve declines because Sun has almost all the mass Rotation curve of stay flat with distance 1. Mass must be more spread out than in solar system 2. Mass in is spread out over a larger region than the stars Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30

48 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets Solar systems rotation curve declines because Sun has almost all the mass Rotation curve of stay flat with distance 1. Mass must be more spread out than in solar system 2. Mass in is spread out over a larger region than the stars 3. Most of a galaxy s mass seems to be dark matter! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30

49 Evidence for dark matter in BH in Rotation Curve average velocity We measure the mass of the solar system using the orbits of planets Solar systems rotation curve declines because Sun has almost all the mass Rotation curve of stay flat with distance semi-major axis Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 30

50 Location of the dark matter BH in The visible portion of a galaxy lies deep in the heart of a large halo of dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 31

51 Dark matter in clusters BH in We can measure the velocities of in a cluster from their Doppler shifts Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 32

52 Dark matter in clusters BH in The mass we find from galaxy motions in a cluster is about 50 times larger than the mass in stars! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 32

53 Dark matter in clusters BH in Clusters contain large amounts of X-ray emitting hot gas Temperature of hot gas (particle motions) tells us cluster mass: 85% dark matter 13% hot gas 2% stars Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 33

54 Dark matter in clusters BH in Gravitational lensing, the bending of light rays by gravity, can also tell us a cluster s mass Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 34

55 Dark matter in clusters BH in All three methods of measuring cluster mass indicate similar amounts of dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 35

56 Does dark matter really exist? BH in The Options 1. Dark matter really exists, and we are observing the effects of its gravitational attraction 2. Something is wrong with our understanding of gravity, causing us to mistakenly infer the existence of dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 36

57 Does dark matter really exist? BH in The Options 1. Dark matter really exists, and we are observing the effects of its gravitational attraction 2. Something is wrong with our understanding of gravity, causing us to mistakenly infer the existence of dark matter Because gravity is so well tested, most astronomers prefer Option #1 Some observations of the are very difficult to explain without dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 36

58 What is dark matter? BH in Two Basic Options 1. Ordinary Dark Matter (MACHOS) Massive Compact Halo Objects: dead or failed stars in halos of 2. Extraordinary Dark Matter (WIMPS) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles: neutrino-like particles mysterious Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 37

59 What is dark matter? BH in Two Basic Options 1. Ordinary Dark Matter (MACHOS) Massive Compact Halo Objects: dead or failed stars in halos of 2. Extraordinary Dark Matter (WIMPS) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles: neutrino-like particles mysterious Best bet! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 37

60 What is dark matter? BH in Other Options 3. Axions Introduced to solve a deep problem with QCD, the theory of strong interactions Low-mass, slow-moving particles Interact weakly with other matter: hard to detect Decay into a pair of light particles (photons) Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 38

61 What is dark matter? BH in Other Options 3. Axions 4. The Kaluza-Klein particle Theory postulates an invisible fifth dimension curled up in space-time A precursor to string theory, predicts the existence of a particle that could be a dark matter particle, which would have the same mass as 550 to 650 protons Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 38

62 What is dark matter? BH in Other Options 3. Axions 4. The Kaluza-Klein particle 5. Gravitino Particle resulting from combining general relativity and supersymmetry Supersymmetry: states that all boson particles have a superpartner, called a photino The gravitino would be the superpartner of the hypothetical graviton, thought to mediate the force of gravitation. Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 38

63 What is dark matter? BH in Other Options 3. Axions 4. The Kaluza-Klein particle 5. Gravitino Particle resulting from combining general relativity and supersymmetry Supersymmetry: states that all boson particles have a superpartner, called a photino The gravitino would be the superpartner of the hypothetical graviton, thought to mediate the force of gravitation. Most people still think WIMPS are the best bet! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 38

64 Why believe in WIMPS? BH in 1. There is not enough ordinary matter 2. WIMPs could be left over from Big Bang 3. Models involving WIMPs explain how galaxy formation works Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 39

65 Why believe in WIMPS? BH in 1. There is not enough ordinary matter 2. WIMPs could be left over from Big Bang 3. Models involving WIMPs explain how galaxy formation works Projected view of n-body simulation Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 39

66 Why believe in WIMPS? BH in 1. There is not enough ordinary matter 2. WIMPs could be left over from Big Bang 3. Models involving WIMPs explain how galaxy formation works Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 39

67 BH in What is the evidence for dark matter in? Rotation curves of are flat, indicating that most of their matter lies outside their visible regions What is the evidence for dark matter in clusters of? Masses measured from galaxy motions, temperature of hot gas, and gravitational lensing all indicate that the vast majority of matter in clusters is dark Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 40

68 BH in Does dark matter really exist? Either dark matter exists or our understanding of our gravity must be revised What might dark matter be made of? There does not seem to be enough normal (baryonic) matter to account for all the dark matter, so most astronomers suspect that dark matter is made of (non-baryonic) particles that have not yet been discovered Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 41

69 Will the continue expanding forever? Does the have enough kinetic energy to escape its own gravitational pull? Application of General relativity to the entire Trade off between energy of expansion and self-gravity of all the mass and energy! Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 42

70 Will the continue expanding forever? Does the have enough kinetic energy to escape its own gravitational pull? Fate of depends on the amount of dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 42

71 BH in Fate of depends on the amount of dark matter Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 43

72 BH in Amount of dark matter is 25% of the critical density suggesting fate is eternal expansion Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 44

73 BH in But expansion appears to be speeding up! Dark energy?? Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 45

74 BH in Estimated age depends on both dark matter and dark energy Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 46

75 BH in is best fit to supernova data Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 47

76 BH in is best fit to supernova data Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 47

77 BH in Will the continue expanding forever? Current measurements indicate that there is not enough dark matter to prevent the from expanding forever Is the expansion of the accelerating? An accelerating is the best explanation for the distances we measure when using white dwarf supernovae as standard candles Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 48

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