Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei
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1 SECOND EDITION Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei Donald E. Osterbrock Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz Gary J. Ferland Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BOOKS Sausalito, California
2 Contents Preface xi Preface to the First Edition xv General Introduction Introduction 1 Gaseous Nebulae 1 Observational Material 3 Physical Ideas 7 Diffuse Nebulae 8 Planetary Nebulae 10 Nova and Supernova Remnants Active Galactic Nuclei 12 Star Formation in Galaxies Photoionization Equilibrium Introduction Photoionization and Recombination of Hydrogen Photoionization of a Pure Hydrogen Nebula Photoionization of a Nebula Containing Hydrogen and Helium Photoionization of He+ to He Further Iterations of the Ionization Structure Photoionization of Heavy Elements 35 Thermal Equilibrium Introduction Energy Input by Photoionization Energy Loss by Recombination Energy Loss by Free-Free Radiation 49
3 vi Contents 3.5 Energy Loss by Collisionally Excited Line Radiation Energy Loss by Collisionally Excited Line Radiation of H Resulting Thermal Equilibrium 60 Calculation of Emitted Spectrum Introduction Optical Recombination Lines Optical Continuum Radiation Radio-Frequency Continuum and Line Radiation Radiative Transfer Effects in HI Radiative Transfer Effects in He I The Bowen Resonance-Fluorescence Mechanisms for O III and Collisional Excitation in He I 100 Comparison of Theory with Observations Introduction Temperature Measurements from Emission Lines Temperature Determinations from Optical Continuum Measurements Temperature Determinations from Radio-Continuum Measurements Temperature Determinations from Radio and UV Absorption Lines Electron Densities from Emission Lines Electron Temperatures and Densities from Infrared Emission Lines Electron Temperatures and Densities from Radio Recombination Lines Filling and Covering Factors Ionizing Radiation from Stars Abundances of the Elements in Nebulae Calculations of the Structure of Model Nebulae 148 Internal Dynamics of Gaseous Nebulae Introduction Hydrodynamic Equations of Motion Free Expansion into a Vacuum Shocks Ionization Fronts and Expanding H + Regions Magnetic Fields Stellar Winds 170
4 Contents vii Interstellar Dust Introduction Interstellar Extinction Dust within HII Regions Infrared Thermal Emission Formation and Destruction of Dust Particles Grain Opacities Effects of Grains on Surrounding Gas Dynamical Effects of Dust in Nebulae Infrared Radiation and Molecules Introduction 207 The Structure of a PDR 207 The H 2 Molecule 211 The CO Molecule 214 Comparison with Observations Molecules Around H II Regions HII Regions in the Galactic Context Introduction Distribution of H II Regions in Other Galaxies Distribution of H II Regions in Our Galaxy Stars in HII Regions j5 Abundances of the Elements Newly Formed Stars in HII Regions Starburst Galaxies Planetary Nebulae Introduction Distance Determinations Space Distribution and Kinematics of Planetary Nebulae The Origin of Planetary Nebulae and the Evolution of Their Central Stars The Expansion of Planetary Nebulae Morphology and Composition Planetary Nebulae with Extreme Abundances of the Elements 264
5 viii Contents 10.8 Molecules in Planetary Nebulae Mass Return from Planetary Nebulae Planetary Nebulae in Other Galaxies Heavy Elements and High-Energy Effects Introduction Physical Processes Involving Bound Electrons Physical Processes at Still Higher Energies Physical Conditions from X-ray Spectroscopy Collisional Excitation of H 290 Nova and Supernova Remnants Introduction 295 Nova Shells 295 The Crab Nebula 301 The Cygnus Loop 307 CasA 314 Other Supernova Remnants 316 Spectroscopic Differences Between Shock-Heated and Photoionized Regions 316 n Car 317 Active Galactic Nuclei Diagnostics and Physics Introduction Historical Sketch Observational Classification of AGNs Densities and Temperatures in the Narrow-Line Gas Photoionization Broad-Line Region 345 Active Galactic Nuclei Results Introduction Energy Source Narrow-Line Region LINERs 361
6 Contents ix 14.5 Broad-Line Region DustinAGNs Internal Velocity Field Physical Picture 382 APPENDIX Measures of Light 395 A 1.1 Specific Intensity / 395 A 1.2 Flux F 396 A 1.3 Mean Intensity / 397 A1.4 Energy Density and Radiation Pressure 397 A1.5 Emittance 398 A1.6 Surface Brightness S 399 A1.7 Emissivity and Observed Quantities 399 APPENDIX JL Milne Relation Between Capture and Photoionization Cross Sections 401 APPENDIX Emission Lines of Neutral Atoms 405 APPENDIX nr Nebular Quantum Mechanics 407 APPENDIX O Atomic Data for Heavy Element Ionization Balance 423 APPENDIX Quantum Mechanics of Molecules 433 Glossary of Physical Symbols 437 Glossary of Telescope and Instrument Acronyms 443 Index 445
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