X-Ray Scattering and Absorption by Magnetic Materials
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1 X-Ray Scattering and Absorption by Magnetic Materials S. W. Lovesey ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory S. P. Collins Synchrotron Radiation Department, Daresbury Laboratory CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 1996
2 List of important symbols Numerical values of units 1 Introductory survey Introduction Orientation Survey of experiments Dichroism Diffraction Elastic resonant scattering Spectroscopy References 34 2 Non-resonant magnetic diffraction from antiferromagnets Introduction Charge and spin scattering Orbital scattering Magnetically induced charge scattering Early measurements with X-ray tubes The work of de Bergevin and Brunei Multiple diffraction Measurements with synchrotron radiation Introduction X-ray linear polarization Diffraction from rare earth metals Measurements on Mn^n^jFj compounds High-energy X-rays and the magnetic structure of MnF Structure factors and 3d magnetism References Non-resonant magnetic diffraction from ferromagnets Background Introduction The role of circular polarization 92 xii xiii
3 Vlll The cross-section and intensity asymmetry ratios Spin/orbital ratios Experimental techniques Generation of circularly polarized X-rays The inclined view method and magnetic field flipping Reduction of systematic errors Monochromatic beam - powder sample experiments White beam - single-crystal experiments Future possibilities References Magnetic dichroism Background Magnetic X-ray circular dichroism Observation of MXCD The basic ideas behind MXCD A note on the two-step picture of photon absorption The magnetic scattering amplitude and spin-dependent photoabsorption Orbital magnetization and MXCD Experimental techniques Experimental results Dichroism-related effects with linearly polarized photons Induced elliptical polarization and Faraday rotation X-ray crossed polarizer measurements Magnetic X-ray linear dichroism Introduction Magnetic linear dichroism with soft X-rays References Resonant diffraction from antiferromagnets Introduction Background A quick look at the resonant scattering length Resonant scattering lengths from a spiral antiferromagnet The magnetic spiral The scattering length Resonance structure General experimental considerations Synchrotron radiation Experimental layout Types of measurement Data corrections 195
4 ix 5.4 Experimental results Background L-edges in rare earths M-edges in actinides Nuclear Bragg scattering References Resonant magnetic diffraction from ferromagnets Introduction Background Magnetic-resonant charge interference scattering Resonant magnetic-charge interference scattering Some experimental observations of magnetic-charge interference scattering The first measurements of magnetic X-ray diffraction from a ferromagnet Magnetic diffraction from a Gd-Y superlattice Magnetic diffraction from nickel and the discovery of resonant magnetic scattering Resonant magnetic scattering in cobalt-platinum Resonant magnetic scattering at iron L-edges References Compton scattering Introduction to Compton scattering Background The kinematics of Compton scattering and electron momentum determination The Compton charge scattering cross-section The Compton profile Magnetic Compton scattering Introduction The magnetic Compton scattering cross-section and intensities The magnetic Compton profile Experimental techniques and results Magnetic-charge contribution to the signal Sources of circularly polarized hard X-rays Experimental results Magnetic Compton scattering - the future References 284
5 X Theoretical framework Kramers-Heisenberg formula ' Scattering amplitude Polarization in scattering Dichroism Circular dichroism Linear dichroism Diffraction Unpolarized primary beam Linear polarization Circular polarization Elastic resonant scattering Spectroscopy References 341 Appendix A 343 A. 1 Elements of charge scattering 343 A.2 Classical description of the scattering of X-rays 348 A.3 The photon-electron interaction and spontaneous emission 352 A.4 Polarization effects 356 A.4.1 Polarization states 356 A.4.2 Density matrix 359 A.5 Partial differential cross-section 364 A.6 Correlation functions 367 A.7 Scattering by free charges 369 A.8 References 372 Index 373
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