4/14/2015. Models of the Atom. Quantum Physics versus Classical Physics The Thirty-Year War ( ) Classical Model of Atom
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1 Quantum Physics versus Classical Physics The Thirty-Year War ( ) Models of the Atom Interactions between Matter and Radiation Models of the Atom Bohr s Model of the Atom Planck s Blackbody Radiation 1897 Thomson s Plum Pudding Model and the Discovery of the Electron 1911 Rutherford s Model and the Discovery of the Nucleus 1913 Bohr s Planetary Model and Spectral Lines 1926 Schrödinger s Cloud Model and the Probability Wave Function Einstein s Photoelectric Effect Compton s Effect De Broglie s Matter Waves Quantum Mechanics Bohr s Model of the Atom Classical Model of Atom Classical Model of the Atom Atomic Spectra 1913 Bohr s Planetary Model Atomic Spectra Explained Energy-Level Diagrams Atomic Spectra 1
2 1913 Bohr s Planetary Model Atomic Spectra Explained Energy-Level Diagrams 1900 Planck s Blackbody Radiation Thermal Radiation Blackbody Blackbody Radiation The UV Catastrophe Blackbody Explained by Bohr s Atom 2
3 Thermal Radiation Blackbody Blackbody Radiation Power (area under curve) increases with T Stefan-Boltzmann s Law P = A e T 4 Peak wavelength decreases as T increases Wien s Law max T = m K Stars Surface Temperatures 3
4 Sun s Spectrum Formative Quiz The temperature of your skin is approximately 35 0 C. (a) What is the peak wavelength of the radiation it emits? (b) What is the total power emitted by your skin. Assume that the area of your skin is 2.0 m 2. (c) Why don t you glow as bright as a light bulb? The UV Catastrophe Blackbody Explained by Bohr s Atom Our Universe is a Blackbody (Cosmology and Quantum Physics) 1905 Einstein s Photoelectric Effect Albert Einstein Nobel Prize 1921 Experiment Classical Physics Experimental Results Einstein s Interpretation Applications 4
5 Experiment Classical Physics vs Experimental Results Einstein s Interpretation K max = h f - Applications Automatic Door Openers K max maximum kinetic energy of elected electrons (photoelectrons) h Planck s constant f frequency of light work function of the metal Medicine Film 5
6 Photomultiplier Tube Automatic Camera Smoke Detector Solar Panels Formative Quiz The maximum electron energy in a photoelectric experiment is 3.4 ev. When the wavelength of the illuminating radiation is increased by 25%, the maximum electron energy drops to 2.6 ev. (a) What is the original wavelength of the illuminating radiation? (b) What is the work function of the emitting surface? 6
7 1923 Compton s Effect Experiment Arthur Compton Nobel Prize 1927 Experiment Classical Physics Experimental Results Compton s Interpretation Applications Classical Physics vs Experimental Results Compton s Interpretation Photons have momentum p = h / Compton Shift = - 0 = (h / (me c)) (1 cos ) Compton s Wavelength of Electron C = h / (me c) = nm Application Formative Quiz Dental X - Rays X-rays of wavelength = 22 pm are scattered from a carbon target and the scattered x-rays are detected at 85 0 to the incident beam. (a) What is the Compton shift of the scattered x-rays? (b) What percentage of the initial x-ray energy is transferred to an electron in such scattering? 7
8 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves 1923 De Broglie s Matter Waves Louis De Broglie Nobel Prize 1929 Shortest doctoral thesis on record Matter Waves Electron Diffraction and Interference Patterns Application: The Electron Microscope Matter Waves Electron Diffraction Pattern De Broglie s wavelength = h / p = h / (m v) frequency of a particle f = E/h Equations contain both particle (p and E) and wave ( and f) quantities. The Electron Microscope Head of an Antarctic Mite magnified 1500 times 3-D nanostructure: flowers" of silicon carbide and gallium Hydrothermal Worm 8
9 Quantum Mechanics 1925 Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle 1925 Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle Barrier Tunnelling Applications 1926 Schrödinger s Cloud Model Probability Density and Electron s Orbitals x p x h / 4 E t h / 4 Schrödinger's Cat Barrier Tunnelling Applications Alpha Decay Nuclear Fusion Scanning Tunnelling Microscope Alpha Decay and Quantum Tunnelling Kinetic Energy of Alpha Particles and Half-Life Radionuclide Q K Half-Life 238U 4.25 MeV 4.5 x 10 9 yr 228U 6.81 MeV 9.1 min The alpha particle tunnels through the barrier, escaping the nucleus. Higher-energy alpha particles come from nuclei with shorter half-lives. 9
10 Scanning Tunnelling Microscope 1926 Schrödinger s Cloud Model Probability Density and Electron s Orbitals Schrödinger s Cat 10
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