12 주 /15 주 작은구멍이나장애물을만나면넘어가거나돌아간다. 원거리에돌이 ( 프라운호퍼에돌이 ) 에돌이 ( 회절 )- 불확정성의원리 근거리에돌이 ( 프레스넬에돌이 )

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1 12 주 /15 주 작은구멍이나장애물을만나면넘어가거나돌아간다. 원거리에돌이 ( 프라운호퍼에돌이 ) 에돌이 ( 회절 )- 불확정성의원리 근거리에돌이 ( 프레스넬에돌이 )

2 현대물리 : 광학 5 장 Diffraction 목포해양대학교기관공학부 김상훈

6 A 3 dimensional animation of the "far" fields of an oscillating charge

7 Illustrating that when a mirror is rotated by an angle, the reflected ray is rotated by twice that angle

$Illustrating reflection and refraction,$

8 Illustrating reflection and refraction, including total internal reflection

9 This animation shows wave fronts entering a mediums at a non-zero angle of incidence

10 Circular polarization generated from a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave by a quarter-wave plate

11 Gamma ray Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays, and denoted by the Greek letter γ, refers to electromagnetic radiation of an extremely high frequency and are therefore high energy photons. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation, and are thus biologically hazardous. They are classically produced by the decay of atomic nuclei as they transition from a high energy state to a lower state known as gamma decay, but may also be produced by other processes. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard's radiation was named "gamma rays" by Ernest Rutherford in

12 Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes, and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Rare terrestrial natural sources produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, such as lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Additionally, gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced, that in turn cause secondary gamma rays via bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. However, a large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and can only be detected by spacecraft

13 Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray (γ) from an atomic nucleus

14 The total absorption coefficient of aluminium(13) for gamma rays, plotted versus gamma energy, and the contributions by the three effects. As is usual, the photoelectric effect is largest at low energies, Compton scattering dominates at intermediate energies, and pair production dominates at high energies

15 The total absorption coefficient of lead(82) for gamma rays, plotted versus gamma energy, and the contributions by the three effects. Here, the photoelectric effect dominates at low energy. Above 5 MeV, pair production starts to dominate

16 Ch 5. Diffraction ( 에돌이, 회절 ) Diffraction: When a beam of light is partly blocked by an obstacle, some of the light is scattered around the object, and light and dark bands are often seen at the edge of the shadow. 속력이 u 인파동의일반적방정식 1 V V u r V V o e i(kr t) r 1 U U u t

17 Kirchhoff integral theorem Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral theorem Homogeneous wave equation at an arbitrary point P in terms of the values of the solution of the wave equation and its first-order derivative at all points on an arbitrary surface that encloses P. ikr ikr 1 e e U P U n nu da 4 r r : Optical disturbance

18 프라운호퍼에돌이 ( 평면파에돌이 ) 의개요도

19 The integral has the following form for a monochromatic wave where the integration is performed over an arbitrary closed surface S (enclosing r), s is the distance from the surface element to the point r, and / n denotes differentiation along the surface normal. Note that in this equation the normal points inside the enclosed volume; if the more usual outer-pointing normal is used, the integral has the opposite sign

20 A more general form can be derived for non-monochromatic waves. The complex amplitude of the wave can be represented by a Fourier integral of the form: where the square brackets on V terms denote retarded values, i.e. the values at time t s/c. Kirchhoff showed the above equation can be approximated to a simpler form, known as the Kirchhoff, or Fresnel Kirchhoff diffraction formula, which is equivalent to the Huygens Fresnel equation, but provides a formula for the inclination factor, which is not defined in the latter

$Babinet s principle Complementary aperture Assume B is the original diffracting body, and B' is its complement, i.e., a body that is transparent where B is opaque, and opaque where B is transparent.$

21 Babinet s principle Complementary aperture Assume B is the original diffracting body, and B' is its complement, i.e., a body that is transparent where B is opaque, and opaque where B is transparent. The sum of the radiation patterns caused by B and B' must be the same as the radiation pattern of the unobstructed beam. In places where the undisturbed beam would not have reached, this means that the radiation patterns caused by B and B' must be opposite in phase, but equal in amplitude

Optical resolution The Optical Resolution model computes the image from two point sources as seen through a circular aperture such as a telescope or a microscope.

22 Optical resolution The Optical Resolution model computes the image from two point sources as seen through a circular aperture such as a telescope or a microscope. The simulation allows the user to vary the distance between the light sources and the diameter of the aperture, as well as the intensity of the light source

Physics 126 Practice Exam #4 Professor Siegel

Physics 126 Practice Exam #4 Professor Siegel Name: Lab Day: 1. Light is usually thought of as wave-like in nature and electrons as particle-like. In which one of the following instances does light behave