Variations in soil moisture: circle, 200 m radius
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1 Variations in soil moisture: circle, 200 m radius San Pedro, 5 March Depth, cm Soil moisture, m 3 /m 3 Zreda et al., 2012, HESS Disc. 9,
2 Depth, cm Sterling 16 Sep 10 Variations in soil moisture: 25 sites Iowa Sep ARM-1 22 Jul SMAP-OK 16 Sep SMAP-OK 23 Jul SMAP-OK 20 Jul Santa Rita 10 Oct 10 Depth, cm Manitou 26 Jul Toulouse 2 Mar wt. % Rancho no tengo 22 Aug Mana Road 17 Jun Island Dairy 15 Jun Santa Rita 6 Jan 11 wt. % Kendall 29 Aug Depth, cm wt. % Marshall 23 Oct Coastal Sage 9 Mar Desert Chaparral 8 Mar Mozark 18 Apr Morgan Monroe 24 Mar Neb 3 23 Apr Rietholzbach 11 Apr wt. % San Pedro 7 Jul 07 wt. % wt. % wt. % San Pedro 12 Nov 09 wt. % San Pedro 3 Apr 10 Depth, cm San Pedro 9 Aug 07 San Pedro 6 Dec 08 San Pedro 12 Feb 10 San Pedro 5 Mar 10 0 wt. % wt. % Depth, cm Park Falls 20 Jul 11 Tonzi 11 May 11 Metolius 14 Jun 11 Harvard 2 May 11 Howland 4 May 11 Chestnut 21 Mar 11 Bondville 25 Mar Soil moisture profiles paper: GRL, readied for submission in June 2012.
3 Measuring area-average soil moisture using stationary and roving cosmic-ray (COSMOS) probes M. Zreda,, X. Zeng, J. Shuttleworth, T. Franz, R. Rosolem, C. Zweck and T. Ferre University of Arizona LAOF Workshop, Boulder, CO, 18 June 2012
4 Slowing fast neutrons Desilets et al., 2010, Water Resour. Res. 46, W11505.
5 Fast neutron response to soil moisture Notes: (1) Valid for neutrons with energies between 10 ev and 1 MeV. (2) Valid for water content >2% by volume. (3) Factors other than soil moisture affect the shape of this function. Zreda et al., 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L21402.
6 Horizontal footprint: 660 m diameter (1) 86% of neutrons within radius of 350 m. (2) Independent of soil moisture. (3) Increases with increasing altitude (decreasing air density). (4) Decreases with increasing atmospheric water vapor pressure. Rietholzbach, Switzerland Zreda et al., 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L21402.
7 Measurement thickness: 10 cm - 70 cm (1) 86% of neutrons within measurement thickness (2) Strongly dependent on soil moisture (3) Minimum depth: 10 cm in saturated soils (4) Maximum depth: 70 cm in completely dry soils - Practical maximum: <70 cm (-> lattice water) (5) Independent of altitude (6) Independent of atmospheric water vapor pressure Zreda et al., 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L21402, doi: /2008gl035655
8 Computations/corrections Corrections to N (or N 0 ) or Θ m : Standard: Barometric pressure variations (N) Implemented recently: Secular variations in the incoming neutron intensity (N) Worked out and being implemented now: Lattice water (Θ m ) Atmospheric water vapor (N; alternatively Θ m ) In progress: Vegetation (possibly large effect)(θ m or N) Snow and other water at the surface (large effect) (Θ m or N)
9 Comparison with gravimetric data 40 Soil moisture, m 3 /m Jul-2007 Jul-2008 Jul-2009 Jul-2010 Jul-2011 Neutron data corrected for temporal variations in: - atmospheric pressure; - incoming cosmic-ray intensity; - atmospheric water vapor; Zreda et al., 2012, Hydrol. Earth System Sci. Disc. 9,
10 Comparison with 180 TDT sensors Neutron data corrected for temporal variations in: - atmospheric pressure; - incoming cosmic-ray intensity; - atmospheric water vapor; TDT sensors calibrated in the field. Frantz et al., 2012, Vadose Zone Journal (in review).
11 COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS) Latency: 1 hour Zreda et al., 2012, Hydrol. Earth System Sci. Disc. 9,
12 COSMOS web site COSMOS public server: cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu
13 COSMOS web site: probe locations - USA COSMOS public server: cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu
14 Global COSMOS COSMOS public server: cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu
15 COSMOS web site: probe data COSMOS public server: cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu
16 COSMOS data: contour map of the US COSMOS public server: cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu
17 Mobile measurements using COSMOS rover Standard (US) version Current Two modes: (1) stop and measure (SAM); (2) drive and measure (DAM). Can do: (1) 1-D transects. (2) 2-D maps. New European version
18 COSMOS rover: transect, Hawaii
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21 COSMOS rover: periodic maps of the Tucson Basin Monthly maps, except during summer monsoon - weekly. Calibrated at a stationary COSMOS site.
GAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
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