Shadows and Light in the Universe
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1 Shadows and Light in the Universe Andreas Albrecht UC Davis dept. of Physics Public Talk at Manetti Shrem Museum December 1, 2016 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 1
2 Cornell, c.1976 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 2
3 Cornell, c.1976 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 3
4 Physicist Robert Wilson A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 4
5 (Cornell Arts & Architecture Colloquium 1979) Physicist Robert Wilson A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 5
6 The Fermilab architects did not know what they were doing so I had to step in! (Cornell Arts & Architecture Colloquium 1979) Physicist Robert Wilson Fermilab (Batavia IL) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 6
7 The Fermilab architects did not know what they were doing so I had to step in! (Cornell Arts & Architecture Colloquium 1979) Physicist Robert Wilson Fermilab (Batavia IL) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 7
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9 If it helps them create such a powerful experience, they can ask questions like what is art? as much as they like, as far as I am concerned!
10 From a 1999 presentation to prospective graduate students
11 From a 1999 presentation to Royal prospective Albert graduate students Hall Hyde Park My office Imperial College London Victoria and Albert Museum
12 (From the wall text of the current Out Our Way exhibit)
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15 From a 1999 presentation to prospective graduate students
16 +2 New hires = 12 faculty!
17 & Astronomy +2 New hires = 12 faculty!
18 +2 New hires = 12 faculty!
19 +2 New hires = 12 faculty!
20 (From the wall text of the current Out Our Way exhibit)
21 ... (From the wall text of the current Out Our Way exhibit)
22 ... (From the wall text of the current Out Our Way exhibit)
23 I am studying the fundamental rules that govern the Universe. So much more solid than questions like what is art! Cornell, c.1976 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 23
24 I am studying the fundamental rules that govern the Universe. So much more solid than questions like what is art! Today I feel that dealing with the big unsolved questions and seeing things in new ways is the most exciting part of my work! Cornell, UCD 2016 c.1976 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 24
25 My work is most exciting when I don t know the rules. I am studying the fundamental rules that govern the Universe. So much more solid than questions like what is art! Today I feel that dealing with the big unsolved questions and seeing things in new ways is the most exciting part of my work! Cornell, UCD 2016 c.1976 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 25
26 What is a chair? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 26
27 What is the question? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 27
28 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 28
29 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 29
30 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 30
31 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 31
32 The Keck 10m Telescopes on Mauna Kea, Hawaii A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 32
33 Segments of the Keck 10m Telescope Mirror A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 33
34 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 34
35 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 35
36 The APM (Automatic Plate Machine) Survey (1992) Sky positions of 2,000,000 Galaxies A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 36
37 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (locations of over 100,000,000 galaxies, 3D positions for 1,000,000) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 37
38 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Simulated A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 38 Simulated
39 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real What is light? Simulated A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 39 Simulated
40 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real What is light? Simulated A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 40 Simulated
41 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Simulated A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 41 Simulated
42 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! 2003 Updated after WMAP announcem ent, Feb A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 42 Simulated
43 WMAP 3-yr map A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 43
44 WMAP 5-yr map A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 44
45 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! 2006 Updated after Planck announcem ent, A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 45 Simulated Real Data!
46 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! March ! BICEP2 Updated reports signal from primordial announcem gravitation ent, waves 2013 in microwave polarization 2006 after Planck 2013 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 46 Simulated Real Data!
47 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! March ! BICEP2 Updated reports signal May after 2 from 2015 Planck Planck primordial announcem reports better gravitation ent, waves 2013 polarization data in most microvave likely due to polarization nearby dust A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 47 Simulated Real Data!
48 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! 2006 March ! Updated after Planck announcem ent, 2013 May A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 48 Simulated Real Data!
49 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! Updated after Planck announcem September ent, ! LIGO reports direct detection of 2006 gravitational waves from two merging black holes 2013 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 49 Simulated Real Data!
50 Maps of the microwave sky (the edge of the observable universe ) 1993 Real Real Data! 2006 Updated after Planck announcem ent, 2013 What is shadow? 2013 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 50 Simulated Real Data!
51 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 51
52 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 52
53 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 53
54 Mass inferred from lensing: Must have dark matter A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 54
55 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/
56 Using Hubble s advanced camera for surveys installed June 2002 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 56
57 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 57
58 Some Future Plans LSST (Largeaperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 58
59 Some Future Plans LSST (Largeaperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) Jan 2015, Tucson AZ WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 59
60 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope (2018 Launch) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 60
61 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) What is light? WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope (2018 Launch) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 61
62 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) What is light? WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope (2018 Launch) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 62
63 Some Future Plans LSST (Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope) WFIRST James Webb Space Telescope A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 63
64 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 64
65 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 65
66 Distances in the Universe A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 66
67 Measure of distance: One Kilometer Walk from the Manetti Shrem to Delta of Venus A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 67
68 Measure of distance: One Kilometer Walk from the Manetti Shrem to Delta of Venus Count cosmic distances as grains of sand: One grain of sand per kilometer. Grain of sand (enlarged) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 68
69 Diameter of earth = 12,760 kilometers 1 Teaspoon of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 69
70 Distance to Moon = 356,410 kilometers 1 Handful of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 70
71 Distance to Moon = 356,410 kilometers 1 Handful of sand (Also roughly the distance light travels in one second) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 71
72 Distance from Earth to Sun = 149,600,000 kilometers (8 light minutes) 1 Milkshake cup of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 72
73 Distance from Earth to Pluto = 6,000,000,000 kilometers 1 wheelbarrow of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 73
74 Distance from Earth to Nearest Star = 40,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 dumpster of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 74
75 Distance from Earth to Edge of our galaxy = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 Physics/Geology Bulidng full of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 75
76 Distance from Earth to Edge of our galaxy = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers 1 Physics/Geology Bulidng full of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 76
77 3 10 Average distance between galaxies = kilometers 1 baseball stadium full of sand 19 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 77
78 Farthest visible object in the universe: kilometers mountain range of sand A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 78
79 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 79
80 The physics of absorption spectra (shadows affecting only specific colors of light) is key to much of the information we have about the Universe What is light? What is shadow? Thanks Prof. Knox! A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 80
81 1km km km km km km km km 10 km A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 81
82 1km km km km km km km km 10 km ( d km) log / A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 82
83 What we know about the big picture 1) On large scales the matter in the Universe is spread out very smoothly ( Homogeneous ) Mean density: gram / cm 2) The Universe is expanding Hubble law: v = Hr Distance Expansion Speed H 3 m / sec = 100lightyears A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 83
84 The homogeneity of the Universe Isotropy of the microwave background (from the edge of the observable universe ) to one part in 100,000 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 84
85 The homogeneity of the universe We are here Radial Direction Galaxy surveys A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 85
86 The homogeneity of the universe We are here Radial Direction From 1986 Galaxy surveys A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 86
87 The Hubble law v H r v = Hr 3 m / sec = 100lightyears A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 87
88 Hubble Expansion Hot, Dense past A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 88
89 A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 89
90 Time The History of the Universe Today Dark Energy Galaxy Formation Last Scattering Nuclear & HEP High Energy & Temp Inflation? Extra Dimensions? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 90
91 Time The History of the Universe Today Dark Energy Galaxy Formation Last Scattering Nuclear & HEP High Energy & Temp What *are* the fundamental rules that govern the universe? Inflation? Extra Dimensions? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 91
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95 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness High Energy & Temp A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 95
96 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness (the most distant object ) High Energy & Temp A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 96
97 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness (the most distant object ) What is the edge of the Universe? High Energy & Temp A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 97
98 Acceleration of the universe H 3 m / sec = 100lightyears v = Hr " r " " v" The Hubble law at great distances depends on the variations of the Hubble constant H with time. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 98
99 Acceleration of the universe H 3 m / sec = 100lightyears " r " v = Hr What does constant mean? " v" The Hubble law at great distances depends on the variations of the Hubble constant H with time. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 99
100 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Dark Energy 70% Dark Matter 25% A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 100
101 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Pulled together by gravity Dark Energy (pushing the Universe apart accelerating) Dark Matter 25% A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 101
102 95% of the cosmic matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories What is the matter and energy in the Universe? Ordinary Matter (observed in labs) 5% Pulled together by gravity Dark Energy (pushing the Universe apart accelerating) Dark Matter 25% A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 102
103 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 103
104 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 104
105 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle). In most models inflation operates when the temperature 25 was 10 times greater than today! Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 105
106 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness High Energy & Temp Cosmic Inflation here A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 106
107 Time The History of the Universe Image of the Last Scattering Surface or edge of opaqueness High Energy & Temp What happened at the beginning? Cosmic Inflation here A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 107
108 1km km km km km km km km 10 km Cosmic inflation creates features in the universe on all these different lengths. The yellow boxes give the time between feature creation in units of seconds! A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 108
109 1km km km km km km km km 10 km Cosmic inflation creates features in the universe on all these different lengths. The yellow boxes give the time between feature creation in units of seconds! What is time? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 109
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113 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 113
114 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between the two) Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 114
115 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 115
116 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 116
117 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different But Which one is really ours? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 117
118 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different But Which one is really ours? Which universe are we in? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 118
119 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket What s all universes, some like ours, some different this stuff? But Which one is really ours? Which universe are we in? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 119
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121 May cosmologists believe in eternal inflation (our universe exists in a pocket with eternal inflation all around us). Eternal inflation theory predicts infinitely many pocket universes, some like ours, some different This question appears to lead to deep ambiguities and problems with the theory that cause some to reject the idea of cosmic inflation altogether But Which one is really ours? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 121
122 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually similar in some ways to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting place to be! Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 122
123 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe Motivated by particle physics (related to the recently discovered Higgs particle) Conceptually Multiverse debate, similar World in Science some Festival ways 2013 to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting place to be! Extraordinarily successful predictions of features in the observed universe Very problematic aspects emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 123
124 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe What is Motivated by particle physics (related to time? the recently discovered Higgs particle) What is Conceptually Multiverse debate, similar World in Science some Festival ways 2013 probability? to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting What Extraordinarily successful predictions of features place in happened to the be! observed universe Is the at the universe beginning? Very problematic aspects infinite? emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive research and debate among the experts.) A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 124
125 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe What is Motivated by particle physics (related to time? the recently discovered Higgs particle) What is Conceptually Multiverse debate, similar World in Science some Festival ways 2013 probability? to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting What Extraordinarily successful predictions of features place in happened to the be! observed universe Is the at the universe beginning? Very problematic aspects infinite? emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive What research and debate among the experts.) exists? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 125
126 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 126
127 1. Introduction (The Golden age of cosmology ) 2. The Big Picture 3. Some Big ideas Outline Cosmic Inflation The String theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 127
128 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 128
129 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 129
130 The String Theory Landscape The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 130
131 The String Theory Landscape Where The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult are to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. we?? These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 131
132 The String Theory Landscape Where The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult are to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. we?? A radical change from how we thought we These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape should be doing physics Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds which with their own laws of physics. A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 132
133 The String Theory Landscape Where The cosmic acceleration observed today has proven very difficult are to incorporate into our fundamental theories of physics. we?? A radical change from how we thought we These difficulties have caused some theorists to embrace the string theory landscape should be doing physics Instead of the physical world around us exhibiting the fundamental laws, according to the STL picture the universe is made of a landscape of different worlds Which version of which with their own laws of physics. the laws of physics do we experience? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 133
134 Cosmic Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe What is Motivated by particle physics (related to time? the recently discovered Higgs particle) What is Conceptually Multiverse debate, similar World in Science some Festival ways 2013 probability? to the acceleration observed today (interesting relationship between A the very two) exciting What Extraordinarily successful predictions of features place in happened to the be! observed universe Is the at the universe beginning? Very problematic aspects infinite? emerge when we attempt to complete the picture. (The cause of intensive What research and debate among the experts.) exists? A. Manetti Shrem 12/1/16 134
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