Rocky Kolb Fermilab & University of Chicago. July 27, 2001 LP01 Rome

Transcription

1 Rocky Kolb Fermilab & University of Chicago July 27, 2001 LP01 Rome

2 A view of the universe, circa 1901 A.D. Kapteyn Universe 1) Composition: Starz in the hood 2) Arrangement: 6,500 light years Solar system 3) Origin:? 30,000 light years

3 Space, time, and motion in the universe The Milky Way 30,000 light years - 450,000 mph

4 ANDROMEDA GALAXY

5 Space, time, and motion in the universe The Milky Way The Milky Way 30,000 light years - 450,000 mph 30,000 light years - 450,000 mph Andromeda 2 million light years - 90,000 mph

6 Simulation from Greg Bothun University of Oregon

7 High-Resolution Simulation Antennae Galaxies

8 HST Picture of the Antennnae Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039) 63 million light-years away in the southern constellation Corvus.

9 A view of the universe, circa 2001 A.D. Hubble Deep Field 1/30 Moon diameter Big Dipper Earth Sun

10 UNIVERSE 3000 here OF GALAXIES 50 billion over entire sky Hubble Deep Field

11 Cluster of Galaxies

12 Space, time, and motion in the universe The Milky Way The Milky Way 30,000 light years - 450,000 mph 30,000 light years - 450,000 mph Andromeda Hydra Supercluster 750 million light years 2 million light years - 90,000 mph Virgo cluster 75 million light years 1,400,000 mph

13 1.2 billion light years The Cosmic Web The VIRGO Project

14 Galaxies: Building blocks of the (visible) universe

15 Missing Pieces Dark Matter

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17 Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable. Isaac Newton 1686 Principia

18 Space and time are related. Albert Einstein 1905 Space is dynamical (curved, warped, bent, etc.). Albert Einstein 1915

19 Space expands. Edwin Hubble 1929

20 The University of Chicago 1909 National Champions

21 The universe is hot. Arno Penzias Robert Wilson 1965

22 BACKGROUND RADIATION T = 3K = F = C

23 Today Sun burns out Hell Freezes Over Possible Future of the Universe Cubs Win Series Universe Ends 12-billion years 17-billion years hundred-billion years thousand-billion years billion-billion years t

24 T( O ) Complete History of the Universe (abridged) 10 9 Birth of atomic era second day Hot as hell year Sun born nanosecond microsecond millennium Quasars born aeon Today t

25 Modern Laws of Genesis (10 nonlinear partial differential equations)

26 T( O ) Neutrons Protons born Complete History of the Universe (abridged) 10 9 Nuclei (elements) born Atoms born second day Hot as hell year Sun born nanosecond microsecond millennium Quasars born aeon Today t

27 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Particle Accelerator-Telescope-Time Machine

28 Galileo Pisan Accelerator Laboratory

29 FERMILAB PRIMORDIAL SOUP

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31 FERMILAB PRIMORDIAL SOUP 3X10 15 degrees 3,000,000,000,000,000 o 4X10-12 seconds seconds

32 FERMILAB PRIMORDIAL SOUP Caution!!! CONDENSED 50 Earth masses in matter 50 Earth masses in antimatter + extra mountain of matter HOT 64 billion years of energy output of sun CONTENTS elementary particles and antiparticles

33 FERMILAB PRIMORDIAL SOUP KNOWN INGREDIENTS: 56% QUARKS 16% GLUONS (STRONG FORCE) 9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W s AND Z s (WEAK FORCE) 5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS (ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE) 2% GRAVITONS (GRAVITATIONAL FORCE) 1% HIGGS BOSONS SECRET INGREDIENT: DARK MATTER

34 300,000 years atoms form 3 minutes 1-micro second 4-pico seconds nuclei form neutrons protons form primordial soup BANG!

35 HORS D OEUVRES BEFORE SOUP? At time zero: infinite temperature infinite pressure infinite density infinite curvature At time zero: spacetime singularity physical law breaks down no predictions possible here be dragons!

36 BEFORE PRIMORDIAL SOUP? NOTHING!!! (vacuum) MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING: NOTHING is something NOTHING has energy NOTHING can change

37 The Vacuum of W+ g W- g e+ e- quark anti particle particle antiquark Quantum Uncertainty

38 Nothing has energy: The Higgs potential The vacuum has a Higgs potential Interaction with the Higgs potential gives mass to particles

39 Billions of Volts ELECTROWEAK GRAND UNIFIED THEORY HIGGS METER OFF E.W. GUT

40 Every cubic inch of space is a - Walt Whitman background radiation virtual particles Higgs potential

41 Nothing can change Today the density of nothingness is less than grams per cc Before primordial soup the density of nothingness may have been larger than grams per cc The primordial soup came from vacuum discharge (inflation)

42 For every complex natural phenomenon there is a simple, elegant, compelling, wrong explanation. - Tommy Gold

43 DISTURBING THE VACUUM Strong gravitational field (Hawking particle production radiation) Black Hole

44 Chicago at night

45 2 o K 3 o K 4 o K The microwave sky T = o K (-454 o F)

46 hot and cold spots differ by 30 parts per million

47 EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE MICROWAVE RADIATION PATTERN SUPERCLUSTERS OF GALAXIES CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES STARS PLANETS PEOPLE POODLES PIGEONS PETUNIAS POND SCUM KATHERINE HARRIS FROM THE QUANTUM VACUUM!

48 BEFORE NOTHING? NOTHING HAD A BEGINNING: quantum creation of space, time, vacuum from less than nothing. nothing is unstable -- emergence of the universe is inevitable.

49 QUANTUM TUNNELING energy expanding space, time, vacuum NO...space...time...vacuum...soup 0 expansion Motion in IMAGINARY TIME

50 IMAGINARY TIME

51 BEFORE NOTHING? NOTHING HAD A BEGINNING: quantum creation of space, time, vacuum from less than nothing. nothing is unstable -- emergence of the universe is inevitable. NOTHING IS ETERNAL: universe is still inflating. on largest scales, universe is unchanging -- no beginning and no end.

52 Eternally self-reproducing universe time Quantum fluctuations lead to many different bubbles Universe has no beginning.no end Each bubble grows to cosmological size

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54 INNER SPACE/OUTER SPACE

55 When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it hitched to the rest of the universe. John Muir

56 The Quantum and the Cosmos www-astro-theory.fnal.gov/personal/rocky/