MODERN PARTICLE PHYSICS. How we got here, and where we re going

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1 MODERN PARTICLE PHYSICS How we got here, and where we re going

2 The Universe is Made of Particles Investigating the particles reveals the fundamental structure of the Universe and matter within it THE ATOM June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

3 The Universe is Made of Particles Investigating the particles reveals the fundamental structure of the Universe and matter within it THE ATOM June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

4 Mysteries of the Universe Quarks Leptons Higgs Bosons Supersymmetric Particles SuperString Theory Dark Matter Dark Energy and the cosmological constant Accelerating Universe Gravity Waves Extra Dimensions

5 The End of Physics "The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.

6 The End of Physics Albert A. Michelson, at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago, 1894

7 J.J. Thomson - Electron Credit: American Institute of Physics June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

8 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- which itself is so small that a crowd of these atoms equal in number to the population of the whole world would be too small to have been detected by any means then known to science. Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

9 The Miracle Year Relativity Quantum Physics Atoms General Theory of Relativity, the theory of gravity, based on warped space

10 Physics in 1905 Missing from understanding of the Universe in 1905? Quantum Mechanics Schroedinger eqtn Nuclear Physics Rutherford discovery of neutron Elementary Particles discovery of muon

11 Physics in 1905 Missing from understanding of the Universe in 1905? Edwin Powell Hubble ( ) 1929

12 Einstein s Dream To understand the underlying simplicity behind the vast complexities of Nature Suspected gravity was a key

13 Unification Understand how nature s forces are related electricity, magnetism, and gravity electromagnetism

14 Unification Understand how nature s forces are related electricity, magnetism, and gravity electromagnetism Since then, two new forces, nuclear - strong and electroweak

15 Einstein s Dream Today Today, STRING THEORY hypothesis Unifies all forces Overcomes inconsistencies between gravity and quantum mechanics Ultimate Explanation? from the tiniest quanta to the cosmos The Dream Lives On There are signs that success is near

16 The Next Revolution Today on the threshold of a revolution in understanding of the Universe Recent discoveries and powerful set of tools:

17 The Frontier Now What is the universe made of? Ordinary matter and the known forces? Or more? How does it work? From the sub-atomic to the cosmic scale How many spatial dimensions are there? Just 3, or more (hidden dimensions) Why does matter have mass? What was the Big Bang?

18 Convergence of the Large and the Small

19 Modern scientific instruments Cerro Tololo, Chile Hubble Space Telescope LIGO Laboratory, Hanford Stanford Linear Accelerator Jim Brau Fermilab, near Chicago Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet June 24, 2009

20 ... What is matter? All matter we are familiar with is composed of atoms, or parts of atoms Living things butterflys, buffalo, people Inanimate things rocks, watches, cannonballs Astrophysical objects planets, moon, stars, asteroids

21 ... What is matter? All matter we are familiar with is composed of atoms, or parts of atoms Living things butterflys, buffalo, people Inanimate things rocks, watches, cannonballs Astrophysical objects planets, moon, stars, asteroids Even cosmic rays!

22 What is matter? Experiments with particle colliders have advanced our detailed understanding of matter and how it behaves Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet June 24, 2009

23 Stanford Linear Accelerator electron June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

24 Quarks discovered (inside atomic nucleus) Stanford electron quarks proton June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

25 Top Quark Discovered at Fermilab Creation of massive matter (E=mc 2 ) June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

26 Quarks What is matter? combine to make protons and neutrons Leptons eg. electron, neutrino Force Carriers defines behavior of matter We have a precise understanding of matter and its behavior

27 Are atoms alone a sufficient basis for explaining the Universe? No not even close

28 Halo of Dark Matter Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet June 24, 2009

29 How we know dark halos surround galaxies Vera Rubin 1950s Expected- Observed- based on stellar mass reveals invisible ( dark ) mass Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet June 24, 2009

30 Dark Matter Evidence 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood Fritz Zwicky Coma Cluster

31 Dark Matter Evidence 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood Fritz Zwicky s Refined studies show dark matter dominance Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuations

32 Imaging Dark Matter Einstein Gravitational Lens

33 Imaging Dark Matter Hubble Data analyzed by Yale astrophysicists Einstein Rings

34 Bullet Cluster Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet June 24, 2009

35 Observing Galaxies There must be a dominant presence of a dark form of matter It is invisible! We see it through gravitational effects this is the only way we know it exists What is it? Is it just faint, ordinary matter? Most likely not - Promising candidate - exotic type of fundamental particle which is anticipated by particle theory Supersymmetric particle (Neutralino)

36 Symmetries of particles 1928, Paul A.M. Dirac Theory of the electron Combining relativity and quantum mechanics He needed to assume there were partner particles for every known particle ANTI-MATTER DOUBLED THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

37 Discovery Cosmic Rays of Anti-Matter ELEMENTARY ANTI-PARTICLES Anti- Leptons Anti- Quarks June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

38 SuperString Theory Unifies all particles and all forces gravity with quantum mechanics Fundamental particles are represented as vibrations on string String is miniscule Atom is 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 x bigger Space is ten-dimensional (not 3D!) A matching set of particles appear the super-partners of ordinary particles

39 The Structure of Matter? hypothesis?

40 Supersymmetry and Strings History repeats? Just as for anti-matter, New particles are required to make successful theory ELEMENTARY ANTI-PARTICLES Anti- Leptons Anti- Quarks

41 Another puzzle What gives matter mass? An ocean of Higgs Bosons - Higgs Field The Universe

42 Peter Higgs

43 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland Nearing Completion Begins operation this year

44 Next Energy Frontier Terascale Energy = 1,000,000,000,000 electron-volts Equivalent to trillions of household batteries Controlled voltage of tens of thousands of lightning bolts Scientific Goals at Terascale Origin of Mass Symmetries of Forces Dark Matter June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

45 The Large Hadron Collider(LHC) Largest machine in the world Fastest racetrack on the planet Emptier than space in the Solar System Hottest spots in the galaxy, but even colder than outer space Biggest and most sophisticated detectors ever built Most powerful supercomputer system in the world June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

46 The Large Hadron Collider(LHC) 17 mile circumference 9300 Magnets 1600 Superconducting ( 456 o F) Collision energy 14,000,000,000,000 evolts Energy in beams 362 MegaJoules 747 Jumbo Jet on take-off 10,000 MJ in magnets Particle Collision rate 600,000,000/second June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

47 September 10, 2008 First Beam at Large Hadron Collider ATLAS Particle beams were transported around the 17 mile ring in both directions June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

48 International Linear Collider (ILC) Under development 30 Miles

49 The Big Bang Fundamental Physics needed to understand Big Bang

50 The Cosmic Fireball Microwaves in the sky Visible remnant of the Big Bang microwaves in the sky traveling through space for 14 billion years

51 Probing the Big Bang Studied since 1965 discovery Series of increasingly more sensitive experiments Lastest - WMAP

52 Probing the Big Bang Analysis of the WMAP data is equivalent to weighing the universe

53 Probing the Big Bang The stars are a very small fraction Energy of Our Universe Additional ordinary matter, Still a small fraction Anti- matter miniscule

54 Probing the Big Bang The dominant weight of the universe is dark matter and dark energy Dark Energy Surprise Related to Einstein s Cosmological Constant

55 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY Dark Matter is strange! What about Dark Energy?

56 Measuring the Universe Expansion Acceleration Driven by After Supernova After Supernova After Dark Supernova Energy

57 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing The closest realization of nothing is the vacuum empty space Quantum physics -> no truly empty space Empty space filled with temporary particles

58 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing Empty Space

59 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing Quantum Fluctuations Create a Dark Energy Cosmological constant

60 Something from Nothing We can calculate the effect of these virtual particles on Dark Energy This theoretical result is too big By a factor of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 This is a BIG-time mystery we know how the universe might make Dark Energy, but we don t know how to make so little

61 Seeking the Primordial Gravity Waves The fabric of the universe is still rattling from the violent Big Bang

62 Primordial Gravity Waves LIGO looks for evidence of gravity waves Hanford LIGO

63 Gravity Waves Probe the Extremely Early Universe 14 billion

64 String Theory 10-dimensional space Extra Dimensions Particle Collider Experiments are looking for these hidden dimensions

65 Our Mysterious Universe

66 From kilo-electron-volts to the Terascale Discovery of?????? 1897 Discovery of the Electron June 24, 2009 UO QuarkNet - J. Brau

67 Realizing Einstein s Dream We are on the eve of a revolution in physics Many mysteries Solutions appear near Deeper understanding of the universe itself Gravity waves may image earliest moments of Big Bang Dark Matter particles may appear soon in particle collider experiments at accelerators Why is there mass? Higgs Boson Dark Energy this is the biggest mystery of all

68 Acknowledgements RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Philip H. Knight

69

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