9.2 The Universe. p. 368

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1 9.2 The Universe p. 368

2 Cosmology the study of the universe, including its origin, how it is changing, and its future.

3 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) The American astronomer Edwin Hubble ( ) photographed and recorded distant galaxies and studied their spectra. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was named in his honour. Using instruments such as the HST, astronomers can examine galaxies that must have formed shortly after the universe formed.

4 The Doppler Effect the change in frequency of a light source due to its motion relative to an observer. It is also the change in pitch of a sound due to the motion of the source related to an observer. The Doppler effect can be observed in spectral star data

5 The Doppler Effect (A): the star is not moving (B): Blueshift - the star is moving towards the observer, wavelengths are shortened towards the blue end of the spectrum (C): Redshift- the star is moving away from the observer, wavelengths are lengthened towards the red end of the spectrum.

6 The Expanding Universe Edwin Hubble and Milton L. Humason discovered a relationship between a galaxy s redshift and its distance from Earth. Hubble s law : the speed of a galaxy is proportional to the galaxy s distance from Earth. The slope of the line is known as the Hubble constant. The universe is expanding.

7 Our Universe Cosmologist believe that at some time in the distant past, the universe was extremely compact, small, and unimaginably dense. Evidence from satellites suggest that the universe began expanding about 14 billion years ago.

8 The Big Bang Theory is the event that may have triggered the expansion of the universe. states that the universe began expanding with unimaginable violence from a hot and incredibly dense state to its present state There is now convincing evidence that the big bang may have occurred.

9 Evidence of the Big Bang 1. Hubble and Humason s distance redshift relationship 2. the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation

10 Cosmic Microwave background radiation left over from the big bang. The universe was originally filled with gamma rays (radiation with very short wavelengths). As the universe expanded, the gamma radiation was stretched into visible light, and then eventually into microwaves. It is this background energy that we find today.

11 Uncovering the CMB Radiation Evidence Discovered in 1965 by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias working for Bell Telephone Labs, they were trying to determine the source of radio static/noise discovered the background radiation that Gamow predicted would be left over from the big bang won the 1978 Nobel prize in physics for their efforts.

12 COBE and WMAP The COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) and WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) are two NASA satellites that were designed to measure background radiation left over from the big bang.

13 Looking Back in Time Modern telescopes can see enormous distances into the universe they can see very far back into the past Seeing stars that are 10 billion light-years away gives us a view of the universe as it was 10 billion years ago. The COBE and WMAP images represent the universe when it was only years old (0.002% of its current age).

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16 The James Webb Space Telescope NASA plans to launch the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to replace the Hubble Space Telescope. With its much larger mirror, the JWST will be able to see much farther into space, back to when the first galaxies were formed.

17 CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research located in Switzerland, operates the world s more powerful machine for studying particles at high energies. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can conduct experiments at energies found in the universe s after the big bang, revealing secrets of the early universe.

18 Space Exploration Spinoffs protective suits for racing crews, U.S. Navy divers, and firemen star mapping technology for use in detecting breast cancer eye-controlled switches for use by handicapped people thin, lightweight, and shiny insulation materials radiation monitors

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