Guadua-bamboo. Measurement of the in-plane shear moduli of. using the Iosipescu shear test method
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1 17 th -22 nd Sep Damyang, KOREA Measurement of the in-plane shear moduli of Guadua-bamboo using the Iosipescu shear test method Dr Hector F. Archila Researcher - Amphibia Group s CEO
2 Guadua-bamboo Iosipescu shear test on Engineered structural components Motivation behind this work - Material Why shear? The actual work Outcomes Conclusions
3 Motivation
4 Poor man s timber Vernacular construction Poor design solutions Low added value Short life span
5 Poor man s timber Scaffolding + Artisan work Temporary Handcraft Labour intensive Not standardized High maintenance Bamboo scaffolders in Hong Kong by by Jeremy Torr, Jan 6, 2012 Source: Red Bulletin magazine
6 A way forward...
7 Round cane Structural Engineered products Photo: Stora Enso Building Solutions Kroika tower) Bridport House, London, UK Traditional construction Industrial System
8 Straight forward processing by THM From round Guadua to flat sheets Heat pressed Cut into strips (peeled skins) Vertical pressure + Temp. Round cane Flat densified strips
9 Engineered bamboo products for structural applications Engineered Predictable Durable Standardisable Buildable Viable Scalable
10 Testing & Certification Shear
![[Image courtesy of mnartists.org] Source: https://editions.lib.](/docs-images/83/88044100/images/11-0.jpg)
11 [Image courtesy of mnartists.org] Source:
12 Shear failure Bamboo & concrete Shear failure of a bamboo culm along the direction of the fibres Source: Failure of a reinforced concrete column during the earthquake in Haiti. Source:
13 Shear testing Current methods Shear failure of a bamboo culm along the direction of the fibres Source: Shear block method for engineered bamboo. Source: Correal, J. F., Echeverry, J. S., Ramírez, F., & Yamín, L. E. (2014). Experimental evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of Glued Laminated Guadua angustifolia Kunth. Construction and Building Materials, 73,
14 The research Iosipescu Shear test
15 Iosipescu shear test Novel method Test diagram Shear diagram F Ɩ F F F. b Ɩ b b/2 F. Ɩ Ɩ b 0 F. b Ɩ b F. Ɩ Ɩ b b F. b Ɩ b F. b + 2 F F F. b 2 Moment diagram
16 Sample & Iosipescu shear fixture Wires from strain gauges to Data Logger (1,2,3,4) X1 (L) X 3 (R) Fixed grip Compressive load on X 2 F Pivot X 3 (Radial) X 2 (T) Adjustable jaw Ɩ =71.78 ± 0.25 mm θ = 90º Thumb-screw X 1(Longitudinal) h = ± 0.29 mm X 2(Tangential) Strain gauge (front face 1-2) t = ± 0.12 mm F Face to face strain gauges - Temp= 27º±2ºC, RH = 70±5% - Elastic cycles
17 Test conditions From round Guadua to flat sheets ASTM D5379 (ASTM 1998); Pierron & Vautrin (1994) Samples conditioned at 27 ±2 C and RH of 70±5% for a period of 20 days (MC=12%) Four specimens per sample. SAMPLES A B C Control - Dried - Soaked ρ = kg/m kg/m kg/m 3
18 Load (N) Testing & data gathering F 200kN cell load Strain gauges +45 & -45 on front & back faces Type: Tee Rosette (90º) Resistance: 350±0.2%OHMS Gauge factor: 2.12 NOM X 2 (T) α = +45 X 1 (L) α = Ave. -45 Ave. +45 Iosipescu fixture Specimen 1.2 X 2 (T) Wires to Datalogger front +45 front -45 back +45 back Ave. +45 Ave. -45 F X 1 (L) '000-10'000-5' '000 10'000 15'000 Normal strain (µɛ) Sample C4d INSTRON 5585H floor model testing machine with a 200kN load cell
19 Shear modulus (G 12 ) Data analysis 18.0 Shear Cord G (Sample C4d) G 12 = τ ϒ Shear stress (MPa) τ ,000±200µƐ (ϒ 1, τ 1 ) (ϒ 2, τ 2 ) y = x R² = ' '500 5'000 7'500 10'000 12'500 15'000 17'500 20'000 Shear strain (µɛ) ϒ = µɛ45 + µɛ-45 app τ av G 21 = ϒ av G chord 12 = τ ϒ (G a G b ) (G a +G b ) 100 where τ is the difference of shear stress between τ 2 and τ 1 and ϒ is the difference of shear strain between ϒ 2 and ϒ 1. G a is the shear modulus of the sample s side (a) and G b is the shear modulus of the sample s side (b)
20 Results
21 Apparent Shear moduli (GPa) Apparent Shear modulus (G app 12 ) Low CoV and St. dev % 12% 0.57 μ=0.54± % 7% % 13% 18% 18% % 15% 17% 0.96 μ=0.87 ± % % 11% 11% A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 12% 12% 13% 10% μ=1.41 ± % 7% 7% 2% 1%
22 (MPa) Shear chord modulus (G chord 12 ) Typical shear stress vs. shear strain graph of specimens A, B & C Samples C Samples B Shear stress, τ Samples A 2 1 Chord modulus (slope) 0-5' '000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000-1 Shear strain, ϒ (μɛ) A1 A2 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 A3
23 Shear Chord Modulus (GPa) Shear chord modulus (G chord 12 ) Box and whisker plots for shear chord results of samples A, B & C G C12 μ= G A12 G B12 μ= μ= Density (kg/m 3 )
24 Shear Chord Modulus (GPa) Shear Chord Modulus (GPa) Shear Chord Modulus (GPa) Average, Ga (outer) and Gb (inner) shear chord moduli values A1, 0.45 A2, 0.42 A4, 0.40 A3, A1 A2 A3 A4 A (G average) A (Ga outer) A (Gb inner) B1; B2; 0.68 B3; 0.67 B4; B1 B2 B3 B4 B (G average) B (Ga outer) B (Gb inner) C1, 1.26 C2, 1.28 C3, 1.33 C4, C1 C2 C3 C4 C (G average) C (Ga outer) C (Ga inner)
25 Remarks A B C ρ kg/m kg/m kg/m 3 app G GPa 0.87 GPa 1.41 GPa chord G GPa 0.69 GPa 1.32 GPa round G GPa Takeuchi-Tam (2004) GPa Ghavami & Marinho (2005) Increase in shear modulus» THM modification» Higher density Twist was high within the 0.1% strain range and stabilized as the load increased; tangential local crushing was observed.
26 Conclusions & recommendations Adequate method for assessing the shear modulus G 12 of small samples of bamboo. Setting guidelines for aiding the development of standards Errors due to misalignment, twisting and poor specimen preparation. Key for the development of engineered bamboo products
27 Future of bamboo Challenge!
28 Professionalize the art Exhaustive rigor Learn from mistakes Partnership International standards Bamboo based forest sector Bamboo architecture, construction and engineering
29 Acknowledgments Sponsors &
30 Thanks & Questions...?
31
32 MOE (GPa) 480 to 500 kg/m 3 Source image: 2x MOE & Density (890kg/m 3 ) Improved Hardness & resistant to decay Ec/t,0 Ec/t, (Twice more load per unit area) CLT-3 CLT-5 G-XLam 3 G-XLam 5
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