Predlog za određivanje promene entropije poluidealnog gasa primenom srednjih vrednosti temperaturnih funkcija

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1 Predlog a određvanje romene entroje oludealnog gasa rmenom srednjh vrednost temeraturnh funkcja Branko B. Pejovć, Vladan M. Mćć, Mtar D. Perušć, Goran S. adć, Ljubca C. Vasljevć, Slavko N. Smljanć ehnološk fakultet, Unvertet u Istočnom Sarajevu, Zvornk, Reublka Srska, BIH Ivod Kod oludealnog gasa, koj u tehnčkoj raks ma svoje mesto načaj, romena entroje ne može se odredt reko srednjeg secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta na načn kao što se određuje romena unutrašnje energje entalje, odnosno ramenjena kolčna tolote. Umajuć ovo u obr, u radu su vedena dva modela reko kojh je moguće odredt romenu secfčne entroje oludealnog gasa a rovoljan temeraturn nterval rmenom tablčne metode, korsteć srednje vrednost ogodno abranh funkcja.ideja je da se ntegrranje koje se ovde nemnovno javlja, amen srednjm vrednostma rethodnh funkcja.model su veden na ba funkconalne avsnost stvarnog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature. akođe, vršena je anala usvajanja ogodne očetne temerature.pr ovome koršćena je teorema o srednjoj vrednost funkcje kao matematčke osobne određenog ntegrala. Srednja vrednost ralomljene funkcje određena je drektno reko njene odntegralne funkcje dok je kod logartamske funkcje vršena ogodna transformacja rmenom dferencjalnog računa. Ivedene relacje, rmenom računarskog rograma, omogućle su sastavljanje odgovarajućh termodnamčkh tablca reko kojh je moguće odredt romenu entroje rovoljne romene stanja na efkasan odnosno raconalan načn be rmene ntegralnog računa, odnosno gotovh obraaca. Na ovaj načn, romena entroje oludealnog gasa, određena je a rovoljan temeraturn nterval analognom metodom koja se rmenjuje kod određvanja romene unutrašnje energje entalje odnosno ramenjene kolčne tolote, što je bo clj rada. Verfkacja redložene metode a obe gore navedene funkcje, vedena je a nekolko karakterstčnh oludealnh gasova kod kojh je raženja nelnearnost funkcje c (), a tr usvojena temeraturska ntervala, a karakterstčnu romenu stanja. Pr ovome vršeno je oređenje reultata rema klasčnoj ntegralnoj redloženoj metod reko sastavljenh tablca a ralomljenu funkcju. Prema drugom modelu s obrom na logartamsku funkcju vršeno je oređenje sa rvm modelom r čemu je dobjena adovoljavajuća tačnost. Prkaanu metodu, u određenm odnosno osebnm slučajevma, moguće je rment kod određvanja romene entroje realnog gasa. Isto tako, u radu je okaano da je romenu entroje a osmatran karakterstčan slučaj, moguće redstavt odnosno grafčk odredt lanmetrjskom metodom u djagramma sa ogodno odabranm koordnatama. SRUČNI RAD UDK 544.3/.3:57.5:66 Hem. Ind. 68 (5) (4) do:.98/hemind3859p Ključne reč: oludealan gas, romena entroje, srednj rav secfčn tolotn kaactet, srednja vrednost funkcje, dferencjaln ntegraln račun, tablčne vrednost funkcje, aroksmatvne funkcje, grafčke metode. Dostuno na Internetu sa adrese časosa: htt:// Poludealn gasov radaju gru gasovth sustanc kod kojh se uma u obr avsnost secfčnh tolotnh kaacteta od temeerature. U velkom broju slučajeva avsnost secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature je dosta ražena mora se kod roračuna uet u obr [ 5]. Vrednost srednjeg secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta u datom temeraturnom ntervalu ne avs samo od Preska: V.M. Mćć, ehnološk fakultet Unverteta u Istočnom Sarajevu, Karakaj bb, 754 Zvornk, Reublka Srska, Bosna Hercegovna. E-ošta: b.ejovcns@gmal.com Rad rmljen: 5. avgust, 3 Rad rhvaćen: 8. december, 3 velčne tog ntervala tj. temeraturne ralke, već od oložaja tog ntervala na temeraturnoj skal. Ovde treba naglast da se u nu stvarnh termodnamčkh rocesa, na rmer: kod komresora, motora sa unutrašnjm sagorevanjem, gasnh turbna, td., kod kojh su radne materje gasov blsk dealnm gasovma (vaduh rodukt sagorevanja), može se usvojt da se realna materja onaša kao oludealan gas, a ramatranje secfčnh tolotnh kaacteta kao sključvh funkcja temerature ma velk raktčn načaj, [6 9]. Secfčna kolčna tolote (q ), koja se dovod oludealnom gasu ( uošte nekom telu čj secfčn tolotn kaactet avs od temerature), od očetne 65

2 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) temerature do krajnje temerature, određena je raom [ 3,3]: q c( )d c ( ) () Ovde c() redstavlja stvarn odnosno rav, dok je c srednj tolotn kaactet u ntervalu temerature, određen relacjom: c c ( ) c ( ) Prema relacjama () () na slc dat je grafčk rka redstavljanja ramenjene secfčne kolčne tolote u djagramu (c,). Promena unutrašnje energje (du) entalje (dh) oludealnog gasa može se rat kao [,5,9,6 9,3 33]: d u c ( )d, d h c ( )d v odnosno: v v u u c ( )d c ( ) (3) h h c ( )d c ( ) (4) Umajuć u obr relacju (), odnosno dferencjaln oblk dq cd, ramenjena secfčna kolčna tolote a obarsku ohorsku romenu, kao karakterstčne romene stanja, bće [,3,]: q c ( )d, q cv ( )d (5) () v q c ( ), q c ( ) (6) U rethodnm relacjama c c v redstavljaju secfčne tolotne kaactete r konstantnom rtsku konstantnoj aremn. I relacja (3) (4), odnosno (5) (6), sled da je a slučaj oludealnh gasova, romenu unutrašnje energje entalje, odnosno ramenjenu kolčnu tolote, moguće odredt reko srednjeg secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta. Kao što će se kasnje vdet, kod određvanja romene entroje, nje moguć ovakav rstu. Pre nego što se ređe na vođenje glavnh relacja koje se odnose na temu rada, bće ukratko data matematčka nterretacja srednje vrednost funkcje na ba koje će bt rešen ostavljen roblem. Srednja vrednost funkcje Prema teorem o srednjoj vrednost nerekdne funkcje, y f(x), u ntervalu x x važ da je: [4,5,,3]: x x fx ( )d x ( x x) y (7) Geometrjsk smsao relacje (7) je u tome da je ovršna sod krve tj. ovršna aba, jednaka ovršn ravougaonka acdba, slka. Isto tako, rema osobn određenog ntegrala bće: x x x fx ( )d x fx ( )d x fx ( )dx (8) x Pr ovome, očetna tačka x ne mora bt koordnatn očetak. I relacje (7) sled da je srednja vrednost funkcje y f(x) u adatom ntervalu: Slka. Predstavljanje ramenjene kolčne tolote u djagramu (c,). Fgure. Presentaton of the amount of exchanged heat n the dagram (c,). 66

3 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Slka. Srednja vrednost funkcje y f(x). Fgure he average value of y f(x). y f( x) x x x x što redstavlja srednju ordnatu krve f(x) u stom ntervalu, a ascsu x. Relacje (8) (9) bće koršćene u ramatranjma koja slede. Promena secfčne entroje oludealnog gasa I relacja (5) (6) sled da je: c c( )d (9) () što, s obrom na relacju (9), u stvar redstavlja srednju vrednost funkcje stvarnog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta u djagramu c c () u ntervalu temeratura. Promena secfčne entroje (s s ), a ošt slučaj romene stanja s obrom da je dq ds, može se nasat kao [,5,7,]: d v s s cv + Rln v odnosno a slučaj oludealnog gasa: cv ( ) v s s d + R ln v Isto tako može se okaat da važ relacja: d s s c Rln () () (3) odnosno a slučaj oludealnog gasa: c ( ) s s d R ln (4) U relacjama () (4) v redstavljaju secfčnu aremnu, odnosno rtsak. I relacja () (3) sled da je određvanje romene entroje kada je u tanju dealan gas ojednostavljeno, jer su secfčn tolotn kaactet c v c konstantn, što dovod do jednostavnog ntegrranja raa. I relacja () (4), a slučaj ohorske obarske romene kao karakterstčnh romena stanja kada je u tanju oludealan gas, romena secfčne entroje bće: c v ( s s ) d c ( s s ) d (5) (6) U nastavku, anala roblema bće vedena s obrom na relacje (5), odnosno (6), al je očgledno da će anala važt a ošt slučaj romene stanja, relacje (), odnosno (4). Kada b se romena entroje računavala rema relacjama (3), (4), odnosno (5) (6), rmenom srednjeg secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta, čnla b se rncjelna greška. Name, mora se uet u obr srednja vrednost cele odntegralne funkcje, a ne samo jednog njenog dela. 67

4 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Prema tome, s obrom na relacje (5) (6) a ohorsku obarsku romenu stanja, a romenu entroje oludealnog gasa, blo b ogrešno nasat da je: d s s cv c d s s c c v ln ln (7) (8) U nastavku, bće dat redlog a rešavanje rethodnog roblema to na dva načna, rmenom dveju ogodno abranh karakterstčnh temeraturnh funkcja. Naomenmo ovde da a slučaj određvanja romene secfčne entroje van der Valsovog gasa (realan gas a koj važ van der Valsova jednačna stanja), nalamo na slčan roblem s obrom da je u jednačn takođe rsutna slčna odntegralna funkcja, [,3,8]: v b d s s Rgln + cv( ) v b gde b redstavlja konstantu. (9) Rešavanje ostavljenog roblema rmenom ralomljene funkcje U termodnamčkm tablcama se nalae srednje vrednost secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta, c, a ralčte gasove a ralčte temerature, dok se vrednost c određuju reko relacje (). Vrednost V c, može se dobt korsteć Majerovu jednačnu. Defnsane srednje vrednost secfčnh tolotnh kaacteta, kao što je okaano, rolae nanačenh ntegrala amenjuju u računu samo nanačen odntegraln ra.one se, kao što je rečeno, ne mogu korstt a računavanje romene entroje oludealnog gasa reko relacja () (4), odnosno (5) (6). Ako b se želelo ament ntegrranje u ovm relacjama računanjem srednje vrednost, tada b se morala onavat srednja vrednost (()/ c ), kao odntegralne funkcje. Pošto takvh odataka nema u tabl- cama, mora se računat ntegral (()/ c )d. U raktčnm roblemma, gde je radna materja oludealan gas često se ne korste analtčk roračun nego djagram l tabele kojh se očtavaju mnoge termodnamčke velčne. Međutm, u mnogm slučajevma kada je otrebno odredt romenu entroje, neohodna je rmena analtčke metode [,,7,9]. Korsteć osobnu određenog ntegrala (8), rema rethodnoj anal, romena entroje oludealnog gasa, narmer a obarsku romenu, može se nasat kao: c( ) c( ) c( ) Δ s s s d d d () Ovde je neka unared ogodno odabrana očetna temeratura. Umajuć u obr rethodnu analu, romena entroje obarske romene stanja, može se rat reko srednje vrednost ralomljene funkcje c( )/ a nterval temeratura : c( ) c Δ s d ( ) odnosno, s obrom na relacju (): c c Δ s ( ) ( ) () () što redstavlja glavnu relacju a određvanje romene entroje ostavljenog roblema. I relacje () sled da je romenu entroje moguće rncjelno redstavt u djagramu (Y,) gde je ralomljena funkcja Y c( )/. Može se okaat da ova funkcja a oludealne gasove monotono oada sa orastom temerature. Promenu entroje a rethodn slučaj, rema relacj (), moguće je odredt lanmetrjskom metodom kao ovršnu sod krve Y Y() ogrančene temeraturama (ovršna ), odnosno kao ovršnu ravougaonka de, slka 3. Pr ovome, očgledno je: c( ) c d ( ), c( ) c d ( ) (3) dok se srednja vrednost funkcje c( )/ a nterval temeratura može računat rema rethodnm relacjama umajuć u obr relacju (), kao: c c ( ) ( ) c (4) Isto tako rema rethodnom, a srednje vrednost ste funkcje rema relacj (3) važ da je: c( ) d c( ) d c c, (5) 68

5 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Slka 3. Karakterstčne srednje vrednost funkcje ( )/ Fgure 3. ycal mean values of the functon ( )/ c redstavljanje entroje u djagramu ( ( )/, ) c and entroy n dagram ( c ( )/, ). c. odnosno a nterval do, gde je neka rovoljna krajnja temeratura, bće: c( ) d c Isto tako, relacje (6) sled da je: ( ) c c d ( ) (6) (7) Prka karakterstčnh srednjh vrednost ralomljenh funkcja ( / ) c, ( / ) c ( c / ), odnosno njhov oložaj u djagramu Y Y(), dat je na slc 3. Promena entroje obarske romene stanja, a nterval temeratura, može se na jednostavan načn odredt lanmetrjsk, reko srednjh vrednost ( / ) c ( c / ) kao ralka ovršna ravougaonka abgf nm u djagramu (Y,), što je rkaano na slc. (šrafrana ovršna abde): c c Δ s ( ) ( ) (8) Pr ovome temeratura je usvojena u koordnatnom očetku. Prmena ralomljene funkcje na gruu oludealnh gasova U termodnamc termotehnc često se korst avsnost stvarnog odnosno ravog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature u oblku funkcje četvrtog steena [3,7,,5,3]: c B C D E 3 F 4 [ ] ( ) kj/(kg K) (9) Pr ovome, moguće je usvojt funkcju c( ) u oblku drugačjeg olnoma. Konstante B, C, D, E F u funkcj (9), dobjaju se eksermentalno nalae se a ralčte gasove u odgovarajućoj lteratur. Zamenom funkcje (9) u relacju () dobja se da je: c( ) Δ s s s d B 3 ( + C+ 3D + 4E + 5 F )d kj/(kg K) [ ] (3) Integrranjem raa (3), s obrom na temeraturn nterval od do bće: 3 4 Δ s Bln + C + 3D + 4E + 5 F (3) 3 4 odnosno nakon amene granca ntegrala, dobja se konačno: 3D Δ s Bln + C( ) + ( ) + (3) 4E 3 3 5F ( ) + ( ) 3 4 Relacja (3) se korst često u termodnamčkoj raks a određvanje romene entroje oludealnog gasa [5,3,7,8,33]. Očgledno, ovakav načn određvanja romene entroje, ored toga što dugo traje, može bt vor računskh grešaka. 69

6 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Promena entroje obarske romene od neke očetne temerature do rovoljne temerature, reme rethodnoj anal, može se nasat kao: c( ) Δ s s s d (33) Umajuć u obr rešenje (3), bće, rema relacj (33): 3D Δ s s s Bln + C( ) + ( ) + (34) 4E 3 3 5F ( ) + ( ) 3 4 Sada rema rau (6), odnosno (3), umajuć u obr relacju (34), dobjamo konačnu formulu a računavanje srednje vrednost funkcje c ()/ a nterval temeratura do : c 3D ( Bln + C( ) + ( ) + (35) 4E 3 3 5F ( ) + ( )) 3 4 Očgledno, relacja (35) se može rment a rovoljnu romenu stanja. Određvanjem romene entroje a rovoljna stanja kao s s (s s )-(s s ) korsteć oštu relacju (34), lako se može okaat da ona ne avs od očetne temerature. Ovo sled čnjence da je entroja velčna stanja koja ma totaln dferencjal [6 8]. U hemjskoj termodnamc često se korst avsnost stvarnog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature u oblku funkcje [9,,9]: ( ) d c a+ b + d a+ b + (36) r čemu konstante a, b d avse od vrste oludealnog gasa. Po stoj rocedur kao kod funkcje (9), ntegrranjem se dobja da je: c( ) Δ s d a (ln ln ) + d + b ( ) ( ) (37) Promena entroje a nterval temeratura od do ovde se može nasat u oblku: c c Δ s s s ( ) ( ) Ošta formula a računavanje funkcje c ()/ a rovoljn nterval temeratura od do a ovaj slučaj bće, s obrom na relacje (8) (37): d a(ln ln ) + ( ) ( ) b c (38) Relacja (38) važ a nterval temeratura max, gde je 3 K, a max od 8 do 5 K, avsno od vrste oludealnog gasa. U tabel date su konstante a funkcju (9) a neke oludealne gasove kao nterval temeratura max, a koj ste važe [3,7,3]. Korsteć veden ošt ra (35), reko sastavljenog numerčkog rograma a četr karakterstčna oludealna gasa CO, O, N H, kod kojh je romena secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature ražena, određene su srednje vrednost ( c / ) a nterval temeeratura a koj važ funkcja (9). Iračunate vrednost su date tabelarno (tabela ), a ramak temeratura Δ K r čemu je očetna temeratura K. abela je sastavljena sa tačnošću od 6 decmala. Ovde treba aat da je očetnu temeraturu,, ogodno usvojt na očetku ntervala a koj abela. Konstante u funkcj c B+C+3D +4E 3 +5F 4 a neke oludealne gasove able. he constants n the functon c B+C+3D +4E 3 +5F 4 for some sem-deal gases Gas B C 3 D 6 E 9 F 3 Oseg temerature, C Aot,6849,3496,5569,7863, Kseonk,9544,84,6553,4536, Sumor-doksd,4665,4895,9,8878, Ugljen-doksd,4797,7659,35939,84744, Ugljen-monoksd,745,7664,337,37533, Voda,957,39574,8763,49586, Vodonk 3,39656,963 3,98744, , Acetlen, ,497 4,37767,3369 4,4585 Etlen,6693,88788,33636,99537,9936 6

7 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) važ funkcja (9). Ralog ovome je taj što ako b se, na rmer, usvojla temeratura K, ra (35) ostaje nedefnsan. Isto tako a ovaj slučaj, ntegral (33) ostaje nesvojstven [4,5,4,9]. Na ovo treba obratt osebnu ažnju. Isto tako, aaža se da ralomljena funkcja rema tabel uvek oada sa orastom asolutne temerature. Za verfkacju modela rema ralomljenoj funkcj c ()/, usvojena su tr karakterstčna temeraturna ntervala a gore navedena četr oludealna gasa. Za svak nterval, računata je romena entroje a obarsku romenu stanja rema klasčnom ostuku rmenom ntegralnog računa, relacja (34), odnosno rema redloženom ostuku korsteć odatke tabele rema relacj (). Reultat su sstematovan u tabel 3, odakle sled da su dobjene gotovo dentčne vrednost. Dobjena ralka u reultatma je osledca aokružvanja vrednost u tabel. S obrom na ostuak vođenja modela grafčkoj nterretacj romene entroje rema slc 3, bog jednakost ovršna u djagramu, ovo se moglo očekvat. Rešavanje roblema rmenom logartamske funkcje Kada b, na rmer, u relacj (4) kod rvog ntegrala, odnosno u relacj (6), htel korstt srednje vrednost a c, onda b se rema drugom redlogu mogla ramatrat kao ogodna funkcja c c (ln). Pošto takvh funkcja nema, deja je da se sta odred na ba romene onate funkcje c c (ln) a određen oludealan gas. Promena entroje oludealnog gasa od stanja do rema relacj (6), a obarsku romenu stanja, može se nasat kao [4,5,5,6]: d Δ s s s c( ) c( )d(ln ) gde je dferencjal logartma: d(ln ) d (39) (4) Funkcju c () možemo redostavt s obrom na relacju (9) u logartamskom oblku: c ( ) c (ln ) B + C ln + D ln + E ln F ln 3 (4) gde su B, C, D, E F konstante koje treba odredt. Pr ovome moguće je usvojt drugačj oblk logartamske funkcje. S obrom na funkcju (4), relacja (39) rela u: Δ s c (ln )d(ln ) (4) odnosno amenom relacje (4) u relacju (4) bće: 3 4 Δ s ( B + C ln + D ln + E ln + F ln )d(ln ) (43) Promena entroje rema relacj (4) može se nasat u jednostavnjem oblku: Δ s c ()d (44) uvođenjem smene [4,5]: abela. Srednje vrednost ( c / ) (kj/(kg K )) a CO, O, N H kao oludealne gasove r očetnoj temeratur K able. he mean values ( c / ) (kj/(kg K )) for CO, O, N and H as sem-deal gases at the ntal temerature K / K CO O N H,469,694,78,97 3,3955,499,577, ,349,45,48,6559 5,36,3694,494,57 6,9,335,3744,574 7,78,34,34,4637 8,54,79,35,4486 9,398,599,9,39346,74,437,74,3677,66,98,555,3448,69,76,48,3554 3,983,69,97,3874 4,95,975,9, ,855,95,95,875 6

8 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) abela 3. Promena entroje obarske romene a CO, O, N, H kao oludelne gasove, računata rmenom ntegralne tabelarne metode (kj/kg K) emeraturn nterval Oseg Δ, K Δ s c( ) d c c Δ s ( ) ( ) CO Šr 3,95,95 Srednj 4,84,84 Už 6 8,33,33 c (),4797 +,5438 3, , ,8876 4, K O Šr 3,85344,8534 Srednj 4,335,335 Už 6 8,966,96 c (),9544,84 3 +,6553 6, , , K Aot Šr 3,336,336 Srednj 4,4, Už 6 8,355,355 c (),684, ,5569 6, , , K H Šr 3 7,367 7,367 Srednj 4 4,8534 4,853 Už 6 8 4,35 4,3 c () 3, , , , , , K ln, d(ln ) d (45) S obrom na očetnu tačku tačke romene stanja bće: ln, ln, ln (46) Sa ovom smenom, roblem je u suštn sveden na slučaj koj se javlja kod određvanja romene unutrašnje energje entalje odnosno ramenjene kolčne tolote oludealnog gasa, relacje (3) (6). Umajuć u obr novu smenu, relacja (43) rela u: 3 4 Δ s ( B + C + D + E + F )d (47) Integrranjem raa (47) a romenu entroje od stanja do stanja bće: Δ s B+ C + D + E + F (48) odnosno nakon amene granca ntegrala: C D 3 3 Δ s B( ) + ( ) + ( ) + 3 E 4 4 F ( ) + ( ) 4 5 (49) Umajuć u obr smenu (46), relacja (49) rela u: C Δ s B(ln ln ) + (ln ln ) + D 3 3 E (ln ln ) + (ln ln ) + (5) 3 4 F (ln ln ) 5 Relacja (44), s obrom na srednju vrednost funkcje c (), može se sada nasat kao: ( ) Δ s c ()d c () (5) Prema osobn određenog ntegrala (8), odavde sled da je: ( ) ( ) Δ s c ()d c ()d c () c () (5) Ovde je drektno skoršćena defncja srednje vrednost funkcje (9): 6

9 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) ( ) c ()d c () ( ) c ()d c () (53) Karakterstčne srednje vrednost nove uvedene funkcje, rema relacjama (53) bće: c () c () c ()d c ()d, c () (55) c ()d (54) S obrom na uvedenu smenu (46), romena entroje rema (5) bće: Δ s (ln ) ln (ln ln ln ) (ln ) c c (ln ln ) (56) ln odnosno konačno: ln ln ln Δ (ln ) ln (ln ) ln s s s c c ln ln (57) Relacja (57) redstavlja glavnu relacju a određvanje romene entroje rema drugomredlogu, gde će srednje vrednost funkcja bt određene u nastavku koj sled. Isto tako, rema uvedenoj smen, relacje a srednje vrednost funkcje c (ln) bće rema relacjama (54) (55): c (ln ) c (ln ) c (ln ) ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln c (ln )d(ln ) c (ln )d(ln ) ln ln ln ln ln ln c (ln )d(ln ) (58) odnosno a ošt slučaj, od očetne temerature do neke rovoljne temerature : c (ln ) ln ln ln ln c (ln )d(ln ) ln ln (59) Brojlac u relacj (59), umajuć u obr relacju (39), s obrom na računatu romenu entroje (5) bće: ln ln c (ln )d(ln ) B (ln ln ) + C D (ln ln ) + (ln ln ) + (6) 3 E 4 4 F (ln ln ) + (ln ln ) 4 5 Zamenom vrednost dobjene relacje (6) u ra (59) dobja se: ln c(ln ) ( B(ln + ln ln ) ln ln C D (ln ln ) + (ln ln ) + (6) 3 E 4 4 F (ln ln ) + (ln ln )) 4 5 što redstavlja oštu formula a računavanje srednje vrednost funkcje c (ln ) rema temeraturskoj funkcj (4), a rovoljn nterval temeratura do. Pr ovome, konstante B, C, D, E F u stoj funkcj, određuju se nekom od numerčkh metoda, na ba onate funkcje c c (). Do rblžnog al adovoljavajućeg rešenja može se doć ako se a onatu funkcju c c () usvoj et tačaka sa koordnatama (,c ), na rblžno stom ramaku. ako se s obrom na relacju (4) dobja sstem od et lnearnh jednačna sa et neonath: B, C, D, E F. Dobjen sstem se rešava na jednostavan načn. Prema tome, romena entroje od stanja do stanja, računava se rema vedenoj relacj (57). Prmena relacje (6) očgledno je moguća a rovoljnu romenu stanja. Uvedena funkcja φ c (), s obrom na smenu (45) može se rkaat djagramsk kao na slc 4. Očgledno, u tanju je monotono rastuća funkcja. S obrom na relacju (44) sled da je u stom djagramu moguće redstavt odnosno lanmetrjsk odredt romenu entroje, a obarsku romenu stanja kao ovršnu sod krve φ c (), u grancama Z Z. Promena entroje rkaana je rncjelno šrafranom ovršnom. Isto tako, rema stom djagramu sled određvanje romene entroje koršćenjem srednje vrednost rkaane funkcje c, reko ovršne ravo- ugaonka Z Z. 63

10 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Slka 4. Planmetrjsko određvanje romene entroje u djagramu φ c (). Fgure 4. Planmetrc determnaton of the change n entroy n the dagram φ c (). Prmena logartamske funkcje na gruu oludealnh gasova Prkaan model na ba logartamske funkcje (4), rmenćemo a računavanje romene entroje a oludealne gasove CO, O, N H, usvojene rema rvom modelu. Pr ovome može se u oštem slučaju oć od onate eksermentalne funkcje c (), slka 5. Za konkretan slučaj može se skorstt relacja (9) koja je koršćena a stu gruu oludealnh gasova kod rmene ralomljene funkcje. Prema djagramu na slc 5, nterval max može se, rad veće tačnost, odelt, na rmer na 7 delova, r ramaku Δ K, odnosno Δ 7 K na kraju ntervala. Svakoj tačk,,, 3,, 7, na ordnat odgovara neka vrednost c. Korsteć onate koordnate rethodnh tačaka, s obrom na logartamsku funkcju (4), sastavljen je odgovarajuć numerčk rogram [ 4], koj je omogućo računavanje konstant B, C, D, E F, odnosno defnsanje ste funkcje u aroksmatvnom oblku. Dobjen reultat su rkaan u tabel 4. Lako se može okaat da je r ovome ostgnuta adovoljavajuća korelacona tačnost. Slka 5. Eksermentalna funkcja c () a oludealan gas. Fgure 5. he exermental functon c () for a sem-deal gas. 64

11 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) abela 4. Koefcjent u funkcj c c (ln) a CO, O, N H kao oludealne gasove able 4. Coeffcents n functon of c c (ln) for CO, O, N and H as sem deal gases Gas B C D E F CO 59,334 36,959 8,6,855,3 O 87,3 6,3438 7,968,79,75 N 68,346 45,9835,5957,4479,57 H 49, ,939 55,455 5,37,78 Prema funkcj (6), korsteć odgovarajuć numerčk rogram, sastavljena je tabela 5 a CO, O, N H kao oludealne gasove. Zaaža se da logartamska funkcja rema stoj tabel raste sa temeraturom a sve gasove. Koršćenjem vrednost tabele 5, računata je romena entroje obarske romene stanja a tr temeraturska ntervala, a gasove CO, O, N H, rad oređenja reultata. Za računavanje, koršćena je relacja (57) r očetnoj temeratur K. Reultat su sstematovan u tabel 6. Rad rocene greške rema rblžnom modelu (tabela 6) računate su asolutne relatvne greške a četr karakterstčna gasa sve temeraturne ntervale. Reultat su sstematovan u tabel 7. Asolutna greška, Δx, računata je kao ralka reultata dobjenh rema rblžnom modelu (tabela 6) reultata rema tačnom modelu (tabela 3). Relatvna greška, δx, je dobjena kao kolčnk asolutne greške reultata dobjenh rema rblžnom modelu (tabela 3). ln abela 5. Srednje vrednost c(ln ) ln a CO, O, N H kao oludealne gasove r K, u kj/(kg K ) ln able 5. he mean values c(ln ) ln of CO, O, N and H as a sem deal gases at K, n kj/(kg K ) / K CO O N H,7967,8874,335 3,37 3,88,944,54 3,594 4,8355,96,67 3,794 5,8637,973,745 3,8374 6,8898,978,8 3,95 7,933,985,863 3,955 8,9344,997,84 3,9979 9,9533,998,848 4,376,974,44,85 4,763,9859,3,859 4,5,,59,874 4,545 3,3,,889 4,945 4,5,58,93 4,353 47,39,88,934 4,64 abela 6. Promena entroje obarske romene (kj/(kg K)) a CO, O, N H kao oludealne gasove, računata na ba logartamske funkcje able 6. he change n entroy of the sobarc change (kj/(kg K)) of CO, O, N and H as sem-deal gases calculated on logarthmc functon emeraturn nterval Oseg, K Δ (ln ) ln ln ln (ln ) ln s c c ln ln CO Šr 3,6 Srednj 4,684 Už 6 8,3387 O Šr 3,9837 Srednj 4,95 Už 6 8,397 N Šr 3,5 Srednj 4,99 Už 6 8,3 H Šr 3 7,3947 Srednj 4 4,85 Už 6 8 4,934 65

12 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) abela 7. Asolutna relatvna greška rblžnog modela able 7. Absolute and relatve error of aroxmate model emeraturn nterval Oseg, K Asolutna greška - - Δ x x x /kj kg K Relatvna greška Δx δ x / % x CO Šr 3,56 5,5 Srednj 4,5 4,47 Už 6 8,55 4,79 O Šr 3,33 7,3 Srednj 4,58 5,6 Už 6 8,35 4,55 N Šr 3,74,85 Srednj 4,9,6 Už 6 8,44 4,56 H Šr 3,68,5 Srednj 4,48, Už 6 8,98,3 Maksmalna asolutna greška je,33 kj/(kg K), dok je maksmalna relatvna greška 7,3%. Isto tako tačnost dobjenh reultata nje sta kod svh osmatranh gasova. ačnost je moguće oboljšat, koršćenjem vše od 8 eksermentalnh tačaka, rema djagramu na slc 5. ZAKLJUČAK Predložena metoda rešava ostavljen roblem drektno, rmenom tablčnh vrednost,računath na ba temeraturnh funkcja koje avse od stvarnog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta, a rovoljan temeraturn nterval odnosno ramak. Kod ostojeće ntegralne metode, a svak konkretan slučaj srovod se obmna glomana rocedura koja je često vor grešaka, relacja (3). Predložena ralomljena funkcja daje gotovo tačne reultate a se ona reoručuje a koršćenje osebno bog jednostavnje matematčke rocedure, odnosno jednostavnog računarskog rograma. Logartamska funkcja je takođe rmenljva al je nešto složenja u matematčkom smslu. Pr njenoj rmen javlja se određena greška, usled aroksmacje eksermentalne funkcje, koja je u dovoljenm grancama ukolko se usvoj dovoljno velk steen funkcje, odnosno dovoljan broj eksermentalnh tačaka. Isto tako oblk olane funkcje avsnost stvarnog secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta od temerature u rncu nema utcaja sa asekta rmene metode. Prkaan model a ralomljenu funkcju može se drektno korstt a sastavljanje tabela srednjh vrednost funkcja a svaku vrstu oludealnog gasa r čemu se ramak temeratura može usvojt o želj, avsno od tražene tačnost (na rmer Δ K). Model sa logartamskom funkcjom, takođe je moguće rment a rešavanje roblema al on ahteva određvanje aroksmatvne funkcje a svak gas osebno. Početna temeratura,, mora bt usvojena tako da bude ralčta od nule bog ojave nesvojstvenog ntegrala u računu. S obrom da ona ne utče na romenu entroje, najogodnje je očetnu temeraturu usvojt kao najnžu temeraturu, na očetku ramatranog temeraturnog ntervala. Za slučajeve kada se računava entroja u nekoj određenoj tačk, neohodno je naglast usvojenu očetnu tačku. Isto tako, redložen model u oštem slučaju obuhvata šroko temeraturno odručje, uključujuć negatvne temerature, što može mat raktčn načaj. U termodnamc kao što je onato, velčne rocesa, rad ramenjena tolota redstavljaju se određuju lanmetrjsk reko odgovarajućh ovršna u radnom tolotnom djagramu. U radu je okaano da je na st načn, korsteć odgovarajuće koordnate, moguće redstavt odnosno odredt romenu entroje oludealnog gasa r čemu treba osebnu ažnju obratt na koefcjente ramere r konstrusanju djagrama. Ovo omogućuje otunje sagledavanje raćenje osmatranog rocesa. Verfkacja modela vedena je s obrom na karakterstčnu obarsku romenu stanja, al je romenu entroje oludealnog gasa rema oba rkaana modela, moguće odredt korsteć st ostuak, a rovoljnu romenu stanja. 66

13 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) Za slučaj realnog gasa, a koj važ van der Valsova jednačna stanja, ukolko su a određen temeraturn nterval onat koefcjent u korelaconoj jednačn secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta, moguće je takođe rment rkaanu metodu. Na kraju, rema rkaanoj metod, korsteć vedene ošte rae odgovarajuće računarske rograme, redlaže se sastavljanje termodnamčkh tablca u rručncma a ralčte oludealne gasove, što b natno ubralo rešavanje ostavljenog roblema u tehnčkoj raks, na efkasnj brž načn. LIERAURA [] M.M. Abbott, H.C.Van Ness, hermodynamcs, Sehanm outlne Seres, McGrow-Hll, Book Co, New York, 986. [] H.D. Baehr, ermodynamk, Srnger-Verlag, Berln, 983. [3] I.P. Baarov,ermodnamka, V.Š., Moskva, 993. [4] W.Z. Black, J.G. Hartlay, hermodynamcs, Harer and Row, New York, 995. [5] J.M. Mchael, Fundamentals od Engneerng hermodynamcs, Wlay, New York, 4. [6] J. Sargut, ermodynamka, PWN, Warsawa, 995. [7] Z. Rant, ermodnamka-knjga a uk rakso, Unvera v Ljunljane, Ljubljana, 993. [8] Đ. Koć, B.Vasljevć, B. Bekavoe, Prručnk a termodnamku, Mašnsk fakultet, Beograd, 7. [9] Đ. Koć, ermodnamka, nženjersk asekt, Mašnsk faklutet, Beograd, 7. [] F. Bošnjakovć, Nauka o toln, ehnčka knjga, Zagreb, 98. [] G. Bük, Energetka, MK, Budaest, 997. [] J.B. Fenn, Engnes, Enegry and Entroy, W.H. Freeman and Com., New York, 98. [3] B.V. Karleker, hermodynamcs for Engneers, Prentce- Hall, Inc., Englewood Clffs, 993. [4] D.S. Mtrnovć, Matematka I II, Građevnska knjga, Beograd, 987. [5] C.B. Allendoerter, Prnclls of mathematcs, BCH, New York, 985. [6] J.M. Smth, H.C. Van Ness, Interneton to Chemcal Engneerng hermodynamcs, thrd Edton, McGraw-Hll, New York, 985. [7] B. Đorđevć,V. Valent, S. Šerbanovć, N. Radojkovć, ermodnamka termotehnka, rručnk, Građevnska knjga, Beograd, 989. [8] B. Đorđevć, V. Valent, S. Šerbanovć, ermodnamka termotehnka, Građevnska knjga, Beograd, 997. [9] S. Perry, Chemcal Engneers Handbook, McGraw-Hll, New York, 984. [] VDI Wärmeatlas Berechenugsblätter für den Wärmeübergang, VDI Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, 984. [] D. Herceg, Numerčke metode lnarne algerbe, Građevnska knjga, Beograd 3. [] H. Schenck, heores of Engneerng Exermentaton, Mc Graw-Hll Book Comany, New York,. [3] L. Rumnšskj, Matematčeskaja obrabotka reultatov eksermenta, Mašnostvorene, Moskva,. [4] L. Collat, Numersche Behandlung von Dfferentolglechungen, KS, Berln, 998. [5] A. Bejan, Advanced Engneerng hermodynamcs, John Wley and Sons, New York, 997. [6] R.K. Rajut, Engeneerng thermodynamcs, Jones and Bartlett Publshers, London,. [7] R.K. Rajut, hermal Engeneerng, Jones and Bartlett Publlshers, London, 9. [8] M. J.Moran, H.N. Sharo, B.B. Boettner, M.B. Baley, Engeneerng thermodynamcs, John Wley and Sons, New York,. [9] Y.A. Cengel, M.A. Boles, hermodynamcs, McGraw Hll Hgher Educaton, New York,. [3] C. Borgnakke, R. E. Sonntag, G. J. Wylen, Fundamentals thermodynamcs, John Wley and Sons, New York, 9. [3] B. Pejovć, M. Perušć, V. Mćć, G. adć, S. Pavlovć, Jedna mogućnost grafčkog redstavljanja energetskh velčna realnog gasa a karakterstčnu romenu stanja, ermotehnka XXXIX (3) 5. [3] B. Pejovć, Lj. Vasljevć, V. Mćć, M. Perušć, Jedan ogodan model a određvanje korelacje među stvarnog srednjeg secfčnog tolotnog kaacteta sa mogućnostma njegove rmene, Hem. Ind. 67 (3) [33] B. Pejovć, M.omć, V. Mćć, Određvanje korelacje među tolotnog kaacteta osnovnh termodnamčkh velčna stanja rmenom dferencja drugog reda, KGH 4 ()

14 B.B. PEJOVIĆ sar.: ODREĐIVANJE PROMENE ENROPIJE POLUIDEALNOG GASA Hem. nd. 68 (5) (4) SUMMARY PROPOSAL FOR DEERMINING CHANGES IN ENROPY OF SEMI IDEAL GAS USING MEAN VALUES OF EMPERAURE FUNCIONS Branko B. Pejovć, Vladan M. Mćć, Mtar D. Perušć, Goran S. adć, Ljubca C. Vasljevć, Slavko N. Smljanć Faculty of echnology Zvornk, Unversty of East Sarajevo, Reublc of Srska, BH (Professonal aer) In a sem-deal gas, the entroy changes cannot be determned through the medum secfc heat caacty n a manner as determned by the change of nternal energy and enthaly,.e., the amount of heat exchanged. akng ths nto account, the authors conducted two models through whch t s ossble to determne the change n the secfc entroy of a sem-deal gas for arbtrary temerature nterval usng the sread sheet method, usng the mean values of the arorate functons. he dea s to relace ntegraton, whch occurs here n evtable, wth mean values of the revous functons. he models are derved based on the functonal deendence of the actual secfc heat caacty on the temerature. he theorem used s that of the mean value of a functon, as well as the mathematcal roertes of the defnte ntegral. he mean value of a fractonal functon s determned va ts ntegrand, whle the logarthmc functons were erformed by alyng a sutable transformaton of the dfferental calculus. he derved relatons, usng the comuter rogram, have enabled the desgn of arorate thermodynamc tables through whch t s ossble to determne the change n entroy of arbtrary state changes n an effcent and ratonal manner, wthout the use of calculus or fnshed forms. In ths way, the change n the entroy of a sem-deal gas s determned for an arbtrary temerature nterval usng the method whch s analogous to that aled n determnng the change of nternal energy and enthaly or the amount of heat exchanged, whch was the goal of the work. Verfcaton of the roosed method for both the above functons was erformed for a few characterstc sem-deal gases where change c() s sgnfcant, for the three adoted temerature ntervals, for the characterstc change of state. hs was comared to the results of the classcal ntegral and the roosed method through the reared tables. In certan or secal cases, t s ossble to aly the resented method also n determnng the change n entroy of the real gas. Aart from that, the aer shows that the change n entroy for the observed characterstc case can be reresented or grahcally determned usng the lanmetrc method of dagrams wth sutably selected coordnates. Keywords: Sem-deal gas he change n entroy Mean and true secfc heat caacty he mean value of the functon Dfferental and ntegral calculus able value functons Aroxmate functons Grahcal methods 68

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