Mahmoud Rozan, Al Zahraa Darwish and Hala Bayomy. Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Mahmoud Rozan, Al Zahraa Darwish and Hala Bayomy. Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt"

Ami May
5 years ago
Views:

1 Worl Journl o Dry & Foo Sns 12 (2): , 2017 ISSN X IDOSI Pultons, 2017 DOI: /os.ws Et o Rosll Extrt (Hsus sr) on Stlty o Crotnos, Botv Compouns n Antoxnt Atvty o Yourt Fort wt Crrot Ju (Duus rot L.) Mmou Rozn, Al Zr Drws n Hl Byomy 1 Foo Sn n Tnoloy Dprtmnt, Fulty o Arultur, Dmnour Unvrsty, Br, Eypt 2 Dry Sn Dprtmnt, Fulty o Arultur, Assut Unvrsty, Eypt Astrt: Rosll r usully onsum s vrs; t r pmnt s ntoxnt tvty. Crrot s rotnos w us s untonl nrnts or vlopmnt o prouts. T m o ts stuy s to msur t o tr lvls o rosll xtrt (0%, 0.2% n 0.4%) ln wt tr lvls o rrot u (5%, 10% n 15%) to norport otv ompouns to prou untonl yourt n stuy tr t on t sl l o yourt. T pysl, ml, olor n ntoxnt tvty o ontrol yourt n yourt ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll xtrt yourts wr nvstt. Aton o rrot n rosll to yourt us lowst lvl o totl sols, s, t n protn ontnts ut nrsn o totl pnol n rs t ruton o totl rotnos my u to t o trml prossn o t otn rsults sow tt rotnos nn t yourt olor n nrs t sl l o yourt. T snsory vluton ror most vorl or 10 n 15% rrot u trtmnt. Also, 0.2 n 0.4% o rosll nrs t ntoxnt omponnt. Aton rosll xtrt to rrot u vlopn t unton yourt proprts n proun lty ry prouts. Ky wors: Crrot u Rosll xtrt Crotnos Yourt Rosll INTRODUCTION ontnt try r, mnrls n vtmns s wll s rotnos n lvonos w prvntn umn T r rls w ormton rom oxtv rom sss [6]. Crrot s ntoxnts omponnt mtolsm y-prouts uss st rs or umn w nn t umn lt, t mmun systm, t su tl sss [1]. So, t st wy to prott prott nst stro, loo prssur, popl rom tl sss ort or supplmnt t Ostopoross, trts, rtrts, rt ss, ronl oo y nrnt ontn ntoxnt omponnts stm n urnry trt ntons [7]. Usn yourt splly t rulrly onsum oo. In Eypt, t ort wt rrot-u s nrs t yourt yourt s on o most populr prout or ll sl l us t rrot u s nttrl n splly lrn t prottors us lot o ton to ntunl proprts [8] n nrs onsumr prov t olor, txtur, tst n nutrtonl vlu. ptl [6]. Rosll (Hsus sr L.) s rl Hymn [2] rport tt yourt nn t lt plnt rom Mlv mly [9]. Rosll s lt n nts y mprov strontstnl untons, ru mnl t [10]. Rosll ontns ntoynns n r t o yprtnson y lowr t lvl o olstrol [3]. lys o rllnt r pmnts [11] wt ntoxnt Crotnos r on o most mportnt ompouns tvty [12]. Also, rosll (on ry wt ss), w t on snsory proprts o ry prouts m/100 lum, m/100, mnsum, n lso t y nrtly on tr ntoxnt m/100, posporus, m/100, soum, proprts [4]. Crrot s vtls lss s m/100 zn, m/100 ron n vtmnz oo ontnt tooprol, sor n m ynn-3-luos/100 monomr rotn w mportnt or umn nutrton [5]. Crrots ntoynn, m/100 vtmn C, m Corrsponn Autor: Alzr Mom Irm Drws, Dry Dprtmnt, Fulty o Arultur, Assut Unvrsty, Assut, Eypt. E-ml: zrrws@yoo.om. 94

2 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 ll / 100 s totl pnol ompouns n yourt s ollown:crrot u t lvl o 5% (w/w) 1.37 mmol/l ntoxnt tvty [13]. Also, rosll n rosll xtrt t lvls o 0, 2 n 4% (w/w) ontns lyos vn lor, r pmnts w wr n s trtmnts YC1H1, YC1H2 n (ossptn n sn) n pytostroln n orn YC1H3, rsptvly. s (ml, tr, trtr, sor n s s) Crrot u t lvl o 10% (w/w) n rosll xtrt n us s ntspsmo, ypotnsv n t lvls o 0, 2 n 4% (w/w) w wr n s ntmrol nt n or rlxton o t utrn musl trtmnts YC2H1, YC2H2 n YC2H3, rsptvly. [14]. Rosll prov lt nts to onsumrs so t Crrot u t lvl o 15% (w/w) n rosll xtrt us s untonl oo us t ontnt o t lvls o 0, 2 n 4% (w/w) w wr n s pytomls [15]. T m o ts wor to stuy t trtmnts YC3H1, YC3H2 n YC3H3, rsptvly. t ortton o yourt y tr rnt lvls (5%, All trtmnt ws t to 90 C or 10 mn n 10% n 15%) o rrot u n rosll xtrt ool to 42 C, strtr n nuton t 43 C wt tr rnt lvls (0%, 0.2% n 0.4 %) or vry out 4 ours or untl oulton our (4.7 ph). lvl o rrot u to mprov t qulty n sl l o T trtmnt wtout rosll xtrt n rrot u t ort yourt n tr t on stlty o wr onsr s t ontrol. rotnos n ntoxnt omponnt. Also, t snsory proprts o t nl prouts wr nvstt Proxmt Anlyss: Mostur, totl sols n totl to stls t optml quntty o rrot u ton solul sols "TSS" prnt o rrot u or rosll s on onsumr prrs. Rsr rsults wll xtrt wr trmn orn to AOAC [16]. Totl vlopmnt t novl o untonl ry prouts. surs n ttrtl ty (s % tr ) wr trmn orn to Rnnn [17], totl pnol MATERIALS AND METHODS ompouns n totl rotnos n wr orn to Ry n Ssrun [18]. ph vlu ws msur y Mtrls: Frz r ultur o Ltollus tl ph mtr (Wssnstl- tnsulrus n Strptoous trmoplus wr Wrstättn wlm, Grmny). Yourt ty otn rom Cr. Hnsns lortors Dnmr. Frs (xprss s lt ), totl sols, s, t n protn ow's ml, rrot roots (Duus rot L.) n rosll prnt ws trmn orn to AOAC [19]. (Hsus sr) wr purs rom t lol mrt o Cro, Eypt. Anlyss o Totl Pnol Contnt: Twnty rms o yourt wr xtrt usn ptrolum tr, Mtos ttryrourn n mtnol n susson usn soxlt Prprton o Crrot n Rosll Ju: For prprton, pprtus orn to t mtos o Rooplt n t rrot u, ws t rrot rut wll, ln, pl, ut Nr [20] wt som motons. E xtrt otn nto sls n stm up or v mnuts, t t prout ollown xtrton stp ws ltr usn ltr ppr n t mxr untl you t t u tt s ltr to t t Wtmn No 1, r usn rotry vportor n t smoot n r o mpurts u. To prpr Rosll yl o xtrt tus otn ws ror. Drnt xtrt: so 100 o rosll lvs n on ltr o stll xtrts wr ronsttut n 10 ml mtylsulox wtr or 12 ours n t rrrtor n tn rn t (DMSO) n stor unr ntron t -30 C tll urtr us prout untl t t xtrt. t totl pnol ontnt ws trmn orn to t Foln-Coltu prour Zl t l. [21]. Prprton o Fort Yourt: Brly, t xtrt (500 µl) ws trnsrr nto tst tu n oxz wt t ton o 250 µl o Foln- Yourt ws mnutur usn ltollus Coltu rnt. Atr 5 mn, t mxtur ws lru supsp ulrus n Strptoous nutrlz wt 1.25 ml o 20% quous N2CO3soluton. slvrous susp.trmoplus (1:1) ommrl Atr 40 mn, t sorn ws msur t 725 nm strtr ultur. Frs ow's ml (4.14% protn, 3.66 nst t solvnt ln. T totl pnol ontnt ws %t, 0.75% s, 86.42% mostur ontnt14.58% trmn y mns o lrton urv prpr wt totl sols n ph 6.42) w rnt lvls Gll n xprss s µ o Gll quvlnt o rrot u n rosll xtt to prpr ort (GAE) pr ml o smpl. 95

3 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 Anlyss o Totl Flvono Contnt n Totl RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Crotnos: T totl lvono ontnt n totl rotnos wr trmn orn to Zl t l. [21]. Proxmt Composton: T pysoml Brly, 250 µl o 5% NNO 2 ws mx wt 500 µl o omposton o t rrot u n rosll xtrt s vn xtrt. Atr 6 mn, 2.5 ml o 10% AlCl 3 soluton ws n Tl 1. T rsults sow tt rrot u s. Atr 7 mn, 1.25 ml o 1 M NOH ws n mounts o totl sols, totl rotnos n ph vlu t mxtur ws ntru t 5000 or 10 mn. tn rosll xtrt. Rosll xtrt ror mounts Asorn o t suprntnt ws msur t 510 nm o mostur, totl solul sols, totl surs, totl nst t solvnt ln. T totl lvono ontnt ws pnol ontnt n ttrtl ty tn rrot u. xprss s µ o tn quvlnt (CE) pr ml o Tl 2 sow ml omposton o ontrol yourt smpl. Totl rotnos ontnt ws trmn n ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll orn to Moor t l. [22] xtrt. Tl 2 sows tt tr r sttstlly rss n totl sols, s, t n protn ontnts o Fr Rl Svnn Atvty y DPPH: Fr rl yourt ort y rnt lvls o rrot u 5, 10, svnn tvty ws trmn orn to t 15% lvl ts my u to t lut o ml ontnt mto o Znoln n B [23]. A smpl o yourt y t rrot u n rosll xtrt. T lowst lvl o (4 ml) ws omonz wt 1 ml o wtr. On ml o totl sols, s, t n protn wr osrv n YC3H1, mtnol (ln) or omonz yourt ws to YC3H2 n YC3H3 omprn to ontrol w my 2 ml o 0.02 /L o 2, 2-pnyl-1-prylyrzyl (DPPH) u to t vrtons n ml omposton o soluton n mtnol. T mxtur ws tn sn vtls w us n ortton [26] ts rsults vorously n pt stnn n t r room or 30 mn r n rmnt wt Slw t l. [7]. T nrsn o t room tmprtur. T ruton o DPPH ws rosll xtrt ws ror no rn n totl sols, msur t 517 nm nst ln t 30 mn. Antoxnt s, t n protn ontnts or ll rrot u trtmnts tvty ws xprss s r rl svnn tvty tt my u to t smll mount o rosll xtrt usn t ollown quton: 0.2 n 0.4%. T ph vlus o yourt ort y Fr rl svnn tvty s xprss s rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll xtrt wr ollown: rs sttstlly (P<0.05) wt nrsn lvl o rrot u n rosll xtrt lso, t ph vlu Inton (%) = 100 [(Aontrol-A smpl)/a ontrol] nrs (P<0.05) t stor pro xtn to 21ys t 4 C (Tl 3). T ty o yourt ws rs (P Evluton t Color: T olor o t rosll xtrt, <0.05) y nrsn lvl o rrot u n rosll xtrt rrot u n yourt w ort ws msur lso, rs (P <0.05) t t n o stor pro usn Huntr L, Esy MtQC orn to Huntr (21ys t 4 C) (Tl 3). Inrmnt o ty n lowr mto [24]. T Huntr L*, * n * vlus orrspon ph o yourt smpls w ort y rnt lvls to ltnss, rnss (+) n yllownss (+), o rrot u n rosll xtrt my u to t rsptvly. xssv sur rmntton [7] n umulton o lt n t yourt [27]. Snsory Evluton: Snsory vlut orn to Iw [25]. Wr t vluton n trms o oor, olor, Botv Compouns tst n oy & txtur n ton to t ovrll Totl Pnol Contnts: Totl pnol o yourt ptlty o rs n stor ort yourt or ort y rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll 21ys t 4 C. xtrt r sown n Tl (4). From t tult t, t oul not tt t totl pnol ontnts wr Sttstl Anlyss: All smpls wr nvstt on 1, 28.10±0.07 m GAE/ n 32.63±0.36 m GAE/ o rrot 7, 14 n 21 ys. Dt otn rom nlyss o t u n rosll xtrt, rsptvly. T st ontnt smpls ws vlut sttstlly usn nlyss o o totl pnols wr 0.461±0.07, 0.465±0.06 n vrn (ANOVA) n t rns mon mns 0.469±0.04 m GAE/ n yourt ort wt 15% rrot wr ompr usn t Dunn s multpl rn tsts u, n, rsptvly. T rsults (usn SPSS sttstl sotwr prorm vrson 13 n Tl 4 sow tt t totl pnol ontnt (SPSS In., Co, IL). T sttstl snn ws nrs y nrsn t rrot u lvl, ts my trmn t lvl o P < u to t totl pnol n rrot u ws 28.10±0.07 m 96

4 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 Tl 1: Pyso-ml omposton o rs rrot u n rosll xtrt (rs wt) Cml omposton Crrot u Rosll xtrt Totl sols (% w/w) 7.91± ±0.24 Mostur (% w/w) 92.09± ±29 Totl solul sols (% w/w) 7.1± ± 0.12 Totl surs, s xtros (% w/w) 5.85± ± 0.31 Totl rotnos (m / ) ± ± 0.34 Totl pnols (m GAE/) 28.10± ±0.36 Ttrtl ty, s tr (% w/w) 0.53± ± ph vlu 6.02± ± 0.1 Mn ±SD Tl 2: Cml omposton o ontrol yourt n ort wt rnt onntrton o rrot u n rosll xtrt yourts urn 21ys t 4 C (mn ±stnr vton) Trtmnts Totl sols % As % Ft % Protn % Control 14.45± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 *Mns wtn t sm row wtout ommon lttr ( q) r snntly rnt (P<0.05) or typ. Tl 3: ph n totl ty (%) ontrol yourt n ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n Rosll xtrt yourts urn stor or 21ys t 4 C (mn ±stnr vton) Frs 7 ys 14 ys 21 ys Trtmnts ph Totl ty ph Totl ty ph Totl ty ph Totl ty Control 4.45± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 *Mns wtn t sm row wtout ommon lttr ( q) r snntly rnt (P<0.05) or typ Tl 4: Totl pnol ompouns n totl lvonos, totl rotnos o ontrol yourt ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n Rosll xtrt yourts (mn ±stnr vton) Trtmnts Totl pnol (m GAE/) Totl lvonos (m CE/) Totl rotnos (m / ) Control 0.040± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

5 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 Tl 5: Prnt o r rl svnn tvty o ontrol yourts n ort wt rnt onntrton o rrot u n Rosll u yourts urn 21ys t 4 C (mn ±stnr vton) Stor ys Trtmnts Control 32.19± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.61 GAE/ (Tl 1), 26.6±1.70 µ/ [28] n 772±119 m/l nrs y nrsn lvls o rrot u. T [29]. Furtrmor, rosll xtrt us mor trtmnt ws ror t st vlu o TC nrsn n totl pnol ontnt. Ts rsults r 93±0.74 m /, wrs, t ontrol yourt smpl ws rmnt wt My t l. [13] wo rport tt ror t lowst TC vlu w ws 6.23±0.36 m / ton o rosll xtrt or tropl rut us nrs. Atonlly, rosll xtrt us nrsn n totl o quntty o totl pnol ontnt. Also, t prsnt rotnos n ll rrot u lvl. Ts ru n TC stuy sow tt rosll xtrt nrs t totl my u to t o trml prossn t o pnols o yourt ort y rnt lvls o rrot rotnos [34]. So, Aton 0.2% n 0.4% rosll u n rosll xtrt w ru urn rmntton xtrt us prvnt t rotnos rom run n yourt [30]. urn rmntton pro tt my u to vtmns C n E n rosll xtrt [15]. Totl Flvonos Contnts: T mportn o lvono ompouns us tr lty s unton powr Fr Rl Svnn Atvty y DPPH Assy: T ntoxnts, w nown s sonry mtolts n r rl svnn tvty o yourt ort wt plnts [31] n st ntoxnt tvty u to tr rnt lvl o rrot u n rosll xtrt, n rs ml strutur [32]. Tl 4 sows t totl lvonos yourt n urn stor or 21 ys t 4 C r sown ontnt o yourt ort wt rnt lvls o rrot n Tl (5). YCR smpls ro snntly u n rosll xtrt. T totl lvonos wr (p<0.05) nrs n r rl svnn tvty y m CE/ n ontrol yourt smpl n nrs nrsn lvls o rrot u n rosll xtrt. snntly (P<0.05) y nrsn lvl o rrot u omprn to ontrol yourts n rs n stor n rosll xtrt to yourt to m CE/ yourt. T st prsnt o r rl svnn n. Also, rosll xtrt to rrot u tvty ws 29.64±0.27% n ontrol yourt n lowst us mor nrsn snntly (P<0.05) o totl prsnt o r rl svnn tvty ws 43.25± 0.13 lvonos wt nrsn rosll xtrt n ll rrot u % n tr stor t 4 C or 21 ys. Ts my u lvls. Ts nrsn o totl lvonos u to t to t ntoxnt pty o rrot u n rosll rrot totl lvonos m/ DW [33]. Frmntton xtrt or tr pnol ompouns [28, 29]. Mlo t l. pross ru t totl lvonos ontnt [30], t [35] nlyz 15 vtls or tr ntoxnt tvty prsnt stuy rport tt ton rosll xtrt to n ror tt rrot s lowst pty or yourt ort wt rrot us nrs t svnn DPPH-rl. lvonos ontnt. Flvonos st ntoxnt tvty u to tr ml strutur. Amon try Color Crtrsts: Color s vry mportnt nt lvonos, solvons, splly nstn, sown on t qulty o prout y onsumrs [36, 37]. Also, t o t st ntoxnt tvts [32]. proprts o olor wr otn rlt to t proprts o t ntoxnt or nx o t trtmnts [38]. T Totl Crotnos: T totl rotnos (TC) o yourt olor rtrsts o rosll xtrt, rrot u ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll n yourt ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u xtrt sows n (Tl 4). T totl rotnos wr n rosll xtrt n rs yourt sows n (Tl 6). 98

6 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 Tl 6: Color rtrsts o rosll u, rrot u, ontrol yourts n ort wt rnt onntrton o rrot u n Rosll u yourts (mn ±stnr vton) Trtmnts L* * * E Crrot u 33.36± ± ± Rosll xtrt 28.25± ± ± Yourt (ontrol) 84.12± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.390 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Tl 7: Snsory vluton ontrol yourts n ort wt rnt lvls o rrot u n Rosll xtrt yourts urn 21ys t 4 C (mn ±stnr vton) Stor ys Trtmnts Oor Color Tst Boy & txtur Ovr ll ptn Frs Control ys Control ys Control m l ys Control -* m 7.18 q l l 7.26 p l 7.28 op l 7.30 nop l 7.29 p no n Mns wtn t sm row wtout ommon lttr ( q) r snntly rnt (P<0.05) or typ. *Ds mns: xlu or spol smpls 99

7 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , 2017 T ton o rosll xtrt n rrot u to t 6. Cl, M.A., L. Fn, K. Snor, K. Stn, C. yourt prouton snntly (p<0.05) nrs t t on t olor vlus su s * n * w nrs y nrsn rrot n rosll xtrt. Snsory Evluton: T snsory proprts o yourt ort wt rrot u n rosll xtrt wr oo tr mnutur n t snsory sors rs snntly y nrsn stor pro (21 y t 4 C). T prsnt stuy ror snntly (p<0.05) nrsn wt nrs rrot u lvl n most snsory proprts omprn wt t ontrol smpl. T nrsn n sors o t tst n rrot n rosll yourt u to t prsnt o royrt ws 5.85± 0.24 n 6.12± 0.31 % w/w (Tl 1) n rrot n rosll, rsptvly ts rsults r rmnt wt Slw t l. [7]. Atr 21ys o stor t ontrol, YC1 R1 n wr rt y pnlst us t tst wr xn owvr t otr trtmnts sow pnlts ptn. CONCLUSIONS Fort yourts wt rnt lvls o rrot u n rosll xtrt sow snnt (p<0.05) t on yourt ntoxnt, nrs totl pnol, totl rotnos, nn t yourt olor n nrs t sl l o yourt. T prsnt stuy rport tt ton 0.2 to 0.4% o rosll xtrt to rrot u vlop t yourt untonl proprts n nrs snsory vlut o yourt or 21 y. REFERENCES 1. Gorvs, N., J. Tomovs, G. Dmtrovs, B. Mros n M. A. Srt, Dtrmnton o t ntoxnt tvty n yourt. Journl o Hyn Ennrn n Dsn, 8: Hymn, M., Et o lt tr on rrl sss. J. Am. Coll Nutr, 19: 137S-146S. 3. Tylor, G.R. n C.M. Wllms, Ets o proots n prots on loo lps. Br. J. Nutr., 80: Nozèr, P., B. Grult, A.Lus, B. Mrtn, P. Grolr n M. Doru, Crotnos or rumnnts: From ors to ry prouts. Anml F Sn n Tnoloy, 131(3): Hsmoto, T. n T. Nym, Cml omposton o ry to t rs rrot. J. Foo Hy. So. Jpn, 39: Doutt n N. Rymon, Dsrptv nlyss n rly-st onsumr ptn o yourts rmnt wt rrot u. J. Dry S., 96(7): Slw, A.A., E.A. Gll n A.E. Nmt, Crrot yourt: snsory, ml, mroolol proprts n onsumr ptn. Pstn Journl o Nutrton, 3(6): Dns, M., M.R. Esn, S.H. Rzv, M. L n M.S. Rz, Et o Col Stor on Vlty o Proot Btr n Crrot Fort Ml. J. Nutr. Foo S., 2(9): Css, M., F. Vllnt, A. Kn, O. Ny n M. Dornr, Impt o t xtrton prour on t nts o ntoynn n olour rton o rosll xtrts urn stor. J. S. Foo Arult., 92: Du, C.T. n F.J. Frns, 1973.Antoynns o rosll (Hsus sn, L). J. Foo S., pp: Mzz, G.E. n E. Mnt, Antoynn n ruts vtls n Grns, CRC prss: Bo Rton, Flor USA., pp: El-Sr, F., S. Ktt, E. Gonm, N. Slm n K. Rwn, Et o mm rrton on nnmnt o som onom trts n molulr ns n Hsus sr L. L S. J., 8: My, K.B., S.F. Rmr, B.E. Cov n T. Wlun, Pyso-ml, mnrl omposton n ntoxnt proprts o Rosll (Hsus sr L.) xtrt ln wt tropl rut us. Arn Journl o Foo, Arultur, Nutrton n Dvlopmnt, 14(3). 14. Kl, H., W.E. All, H. Alr, T. Optzn n T. Ert, Gms rom trtonl nort-arn mn: mnl n romt plnts rom Sun. Nturl Prouts n Boprosptn, 2(3): C-Ort, S. n J.A. Gurrro-Bltrán, Rosll lys (Hsus sr), n ltrntv to t oo n vrs nustrs: rvw.journl o Foo Sn n Tnoloy, 52(11): A.O.A.C., Ol Mtos o Anlyss, 15t Eton Assoton o Ol Anlytl Cmsts In., Arlnton, Vrn. USA. 17..Rnnn, S., Mnul o Anlyss o Frut n Vtl Prouts. Tt MC Grow-Hll Pulsn Compny, Nw Dl, pp:

8 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 12 (2): , Ry, N. n W.A. Ssrun, Et o ultvrs, 29. Kry, S., El SN n A.A. Ts, Antoxnt sz, stor n oon mto on royrts tvty o som oo ontnn pnol n som nutrnts o swt pottos. J. Foo S., ompouns. Int. J. Foo S. Nutr., 52: : Drws, A.Z., H. Byomy n M. Rozn, Et 19. A.O.A.C., Ol Mtos o Anlyss, o, wpp n rmntton on ntoxnt Assoton o Ol n Anlytl Cmsts tvty n r rsprrs. Journl o Foo Wsnton DC (12t ). Prossn n Tnoloy, 7(9): Rooplt, U.C. n V.M. Nr, Pytoml 31. Gsmz A., H.Z. Jr n A. Rmt, nlyss o sussv rxtrts o t lvs o Intton n onntrton o som lvono morn olr lm. Intrntonl Journl o omponnts n Mlysn youn nr Prmy n Prmutl Sns, 5: (Znr onl Roso) vrts y 21. Zl, S., A. Srpn, G. A ll olu, M. Jnov n prormn lqu romtorpy mto. V. Gömn, Dstrutons o pnol Moluls, 15: ompouns, yllow pmnts n oxtv nzyms 32. Hm, K.E., A.R. Tlrro n D.J. Boly, n wt rns n tr rlton to ntoxnt Flvono ntoxnts: Cmstry, mtolsm n pty o rn n rnn lour. J Crl S., strutur tvty rltonsps, T Journl o 56: Nutrtonl Bomstry, 13: Moor, J., Z. Cn, J. Ho, G. Guo, J. Lu, C. Ln n 33. Gsmz, A., M. Azrr, O. Soroo n L. Yu, Ets o sol-stt yst trtmnt on H.Z. Jr, Flvono ompouns n tr t ntoxnt proprts n protn n r ntoxnt tvty n xtrt o som tropl ompostons o ommon r wt rn. Journl o plnts. Journl o Mnl Plnts Rsr, Arulturl n Foo Cmstry, 55: (13): Znoln, K.H. n A.S. B, T t o 34. Hrtmn, A.M. n L.P. Dryn, Vtmns n Hylorus polyrzus n Hylorus untuson Ml n Ml Prouts. Amrn Dry Sn pysoml, protolyss n ntoxnt tvty Assoton, Cmpn, IL, USA. n yourt. Worl Amy o Sn, Ennrn 35. Mlo, E.A., M.I. Ml, V.L. Lm, F.L. Ll, n Tnoloy, 60: A.C. Ctno n R. J. Nsmnto, Antoxnt 24. Huntr R.S., In t Msurmnt o pty o vtls ommonly onsum. Foo Apprn. Nw Yor: Jon Wly & Sons, In: 348 S. Tnol., 26: Iw, M.O., Hnoo o Snsory mtos n 36. Rnu, B., S.G. Kulrn, P. Vynn n nlyss, Enuu Nr Ront S.G. Prpull, Frutoolosr Communton Sn Lt. ortton o slt rut u vrs: t 26. Jnuáro, J.G., I.C. D Slv, A.S. D Olvr, J.F. D on t qulty rtrsts. LWT- Foo Sn Olvr, J.N. Doníso, S.J. Klosos n T. n Tnoloy, 42(5): C.Pmntl, Proot yourt lvor wt 37. Ptr, P.B., U.L. Opr n F.A. Al-S, orn t wt rrot, ssv, swt potto or Colour msurmnt n nlyss n rs n orn u: Pysoml n txtur vluton, pross oos: A rvw. Foo Bopross proot vlty n ptn.intrntonl Tnol., 6: Foo Rsr Journl, 24(1). 38. Mnzoo, L., S. Cllrs, D. Mstrool, 27. Rt, L.E., F. Jy n H. Otv, Et o M.C. Nol n C.R. Lr, Rvw o rrot-u on xo-polysrs n -D non-nzymt rownn n ntoxnt pty ltoss tvty n yourt. Journl o Anml n pross oos. Trns Foo S. Tnol., Prouton, 18(3): : Ovso, O.P., D. Ooro n C.L. Nowr, Dtrmnton o totl pnol mount o som l ruts n vtls. Ar. J. Botnol., 8:

The University of Sydney MATH 2009

The University of Sydney MATH 2009 T Unvrsty o Syny MATH 2009 APH THEOY Tutorl 7 Solutons 2004 1. Lt t sonnt plnr rp sown. Drw ts ul, n t ul o t ul ( ). Sow tt s sonnt plnr rp, tn s onnt. Du tt ( ) s not somorp to. ( ) A onnt rp s on n