Physico-Chemical Properties of Ternary Blends of Palm Mid Fraction, Virgin Coconut Oil and Canola Oil Blends

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1 Amrn-Eursn J. Ar. & Envron. S., 16 (2): , 2016 ISSN IDOSI Pultons, 2016 DOI: /os.js Physo-Chml Proprts o Trnry Blns o Plm M Frton, Vrn Coonut Ol n Cnol Ol Blns A.B. Atr Mzn, M.K. Ayo, A.G. M ru, M. Mohm Yuso n I. Izzrn Shool o Chml Sn n Foo Thnoloy, Fulty o Sn n Thnoloy, Unvrsty Knsn Mlys, Bn, Slnor, Mlys Astrt: A totl o 14 trnry lns ontnn plm m rton (PMF), vrn oonut ol (VCO) n nol ol (CO) wr prpr n nlyz or physo-hml proprts.. sol t ontnt (SFC), slp mltn pont (SMP), r tty (FFA), on vlu (IV) n tty omposton (FAC). Th rsults show tht th SFC or th trnry lns t 37.5 C wr n th rn o %, SMP or ll lns wr C, FFA wr %, IV wr n th rn o FAC omprs o % plmt, % str n % ol. Bs on th nlyss, trnry ln o PMF: VCO: CO (90: 5: 5%) th S3 or S10 wth SFC t 25 C o C or C n SMP o 31.3 C ws nt s losr to oo uttr wth SMP 31.1 C.Hn, th lnoul onsr s potntl oo uttr susttut (CBS). Ky wors: Physohml Proprts Plm M Frton Vrn Coonut Ol Cnol Ol Coo Buttr Susttuts INTRODUCTION (50%), lur, short hn tty (SCFA) suh s pr, pro, pryl n unsturt tty Mlys s on o th mn plm ol xportn s (8%) [2]. Cnol ol (CO) s n mportnt sour o ountrs n th worl, son to Inons. Currntly ookn ol n on o th hlthst l ols vll plm ol s on o th mportnt vtl ols us n th or onsumrs. Cnol ol s unqu mon othr oo nustry. In orr to vrsy n xpn ts vtl ols us o ts low sturt tty pplton n oo n non-oo nustrs, ommonly ontnt (6%) n low n holstrol. Th tty th physo-hml proprts o th ols r mo ontnt o nol ol s onsstnt wth nutrton v thnqus suh s rtonn, mxn, hyronton rommntons m t run th mount o n strton [4]. Amon ths prosss, mxn s sturt t n th t [6]. th hpst thnqu, prt rom ts lty to rtn Sn Mlys s on o th mjor prours o ornl qults o th mx ts/ols suh s lvor, plm ol, t s mprtv tht work to vrsy ts vtmn ontnt n ntoxnt tvty. pplton n oo nustry, splly n proun Plm m rton (PMF) s prout o ol plm vlu- prouts. Amon thos vlu- prou n th son st o rtonton. At room prouts s th CBS s rltvly hpr ltrntv to tmprtur, plm ol xsts n hl lqu phs n lht oo uttr (CB). Thror, th ojtv o ths stuy yllow olor. Usully, PMF s us s strtn mtrl ws to prou CBS rom trnry lns ontnn PMF, to prou muh hpr oo uttr susttut (CBS). VCO n CO. Mjor tryllyrols (TAGs) vll n PMF r 1,3-plmtoyl-2-oloyl-sn-lyrol (POP), 1-plmtoyl-2- MATERIALS AND METHODS oloyl-3stroyl-sn-lyrol (POSt) n 1,3-stroyl-2- oloyl-sn-lyrol (StOSt) [7]. On th othr hn, vrn Mtrls: Th plm m rton (PMF) us n ths oonut ol (VCO) hs mny vnts, nlu s stuy ws suppl y Alm Group Sn. Bh. hlthy untonl oos, s nutrutls, PnlmGrn, Kln; whrs th vrn oonut ol phrmutls n osmoutls. VCO s wly (VCO) n nol ol (CO) ws purhs rom lol known or ts rhnss n mum hn tty (MCFA) suprmrkt. Corrsponn Author: M.K. Ayo, Shool o Chml Sn n Foo Thnoloy, Fulty o Sn n Thnoloy, Unvrsty Knsn Mlys, Bn, Slnor, Mlys. 257

2 Am-Eurs. J. Ar. & Envron. S., 16 (2): , 2016 Tl 1: Th rto o Plm M Frton (PMF),Vrn Coonut Ol (VCO) n Cnol Ol (CO) trmn v Dsn Exprt vrson 6-(D-Optml Sotwr). Mxtur Co PMF (%) VCO (%) CO (%) S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Smpl Prprton: Th plm m rton (PMF) ws mlt n n ovn t 60 C or 1 hour. A totl o 14 lns onsttutn PMF, VCO n CO t rnt rtos (Tl 1) wr prpr s nrt y mxn prour (D-Optml) n Dsn-Exprt vrson 6 sotwr. Th lns wr prpr y mxn th ol mxturs usn mnt strrr [9]. Th lns wr ltr sujt to physo-hml hrtrzton,.. sol t ontnt (SFC), slp mltn pont (SMP), r tty (FFA), on vlu (IV) n tty omposton (FAC). Sol Ft Contnt:Puls nulr mnt rsonn sptromtr (p-nmr) ws us to trmn th sol t ontnt (SFC) o h ln. Pror to nlyss, th t mxtur wr mlt t 70 C or 30 mnuts n susquntly pl nto 3m tu n ool to 0 C or 90 mnuts. Thn, th smpls wr pl nto th tu t tmprturs (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 n 37.5 C) nvully n th SFC ws ror or vry 30 mnuts [10]. Slp Mltn Pont: For slp mltn pont (SMP) trmnton, th t smpls wr mlt t 60 C or 30 mn. Cpllry tus mrk t 10 mm n 30 mm wr pp nto th moltn smpl untl th smpl ros to rh th 10 mm mrk. Thn, th pllry tus wth th smpls wr ool. Ths ws rr out y holn th n o th tu n rottn I t throuh untl th t smpls hrn or turn nto sols. Susquntly, th pllry tus wr wrm n wtr th t 10 ± 1 C or 16 hours. Atr tht, th pllry tus wr wrm n wtr th t th rt o 1 C pr mnut. Th htn ws ontnu untl t olumn strt to rs. Whn th movmnt x th 30 mm lvl, th tmprtur s ror. Ths tmprtur ws tkn s th slp mltn pont or th smpl [10]. Fr Ftty A: Fr tty (FFA) ontnt o th smpls ws trmn s on [1]. Eh smpl (5.0 ) ws wh n 100 ml onl lsk n 25 ml thyl thr:thnol (1:1, v/v) ws n th lsk ws shkn ntly untl th smpl ws ompltly ssolv. Th tty ontnt o th smpl ws trmn v ttrton wth 0.1 N NOH, usn phnolphthln (1% n thnol) s n ntor untl th pnk olor ws orm whh n or pproxmtly 30 sons. Ion Vlu: Ion vlu (IV) o th smpls ws trmn orn to [10]. Smpls (0.5 h) wr pl nvully nto 500 ml onl lsks. Thn, 20 ml ylohxn ws to ssolv th t. I t not ssolv, th onl lsk ws ht slowly tll th t s ompltly mlt. Thn, 25 ml Wj s soluton ws n th lsk ws pp, shkn n stor n rk pl or n hour. Atr tht, 20 ml sturt potssum o soluton n 100 ml stll wtr wr nto th lsk n th mxtur ws ttrt wth 0.1 N soum thosulpht untl th olor o th soluton turn to pl yllow. Thn, 2 ml strh ntor ws n th ttrton pross ws ontnu untl th lu olor sppr. Durn th ttrton, th lsk ws shkn ontnuously. Th stps ov wr rpt or lnk tst. Ftty A Composton: Ftty omposton (FAC) ws trmn s rport y [8]. It ws rr out tr th tty hs n onvrt nto tty mthyl str (FAME) throuh mthylton stps. Aout 0.1 ml o h t smpl ws ssolv n 1 ml n-hxn. Mthylton ws thn pro y n 1 ml 1M soum mthox. Susquntly, th mxturs wr homonz usn vortx mxr. Atr stnn or 15 mnuts, th lr suprntnt ws rmov n 1 µl o t ws njt nto sl pllry olumn SGE BPX 70, 60 m x 0.32 µm whh ws purhs rom Srvo Srvs Sn. Bh., Kln Slnor. Ftty prol ws nlyz usn s hromtorphy, Shmzu-17A, qupp wth lm on ttor (FID) n n ntrton pprtus (C-R6A Chromtop). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sol Ft Contnt: F. 1 shows th sol t ontnt (SFC) o ll trnry lns prpr. On th whol, SFC rss s wrmn tmprtur nrss. 258

3 Am-Eurs. J. Ar. & Envron. S., 16 (2): , 2016 F. 1: Prnt sol t ontnt (SFC) o plm m rton (PMF), vrn oonut ol (VCO) n nol ol (CO) mxturs orn to rnt rtos o lnn t rnt tmprtur. Tl 2: Slp mltn pont (SMP), r tty (FFA) n on vlu (IV) o plm m rton (PMF), vrn oonut ol (VCO) n nol ol mxturs orn to rnt rtos. Mxtur Slp mltn pont Fr tty Ion vlu Co (mn ± SD) C (mn ± SD)% (mn ± SD)% S ± ± ± 0.49 S ± ± ± 0.39 S ± ± ± 0.30 S4 h 25.8 ± ± ± 0.49 S ± ± 0.54 S ± ± 0.69 S7 j 25.0 ± ± ± 0.66 S ± ± ± 0.34 S9 k 24.8 ± ± ± 0.46 S ± ± ± 0.45 S ± ± ± 0.54 S ± ± ± 0.39 S ± ± ± 0.70 S ± ± ± 0.88 CB 31.1 ± h ± 0.86 Not: Th vlu r mns or 3 smpl rpltons. -k rnt lphts on th sm olumn show th prsn o snnt rn (p<0.05) Not: For th omposton o lns, pls rr to Tl 1. Th SFC o nvul ln rs vn t th sm tmprtur u to th rn n th rto o PMF:VCO:CO. Thr ws rs n SFC strtn rom 0 C to 37.5 C. For xmpl n S1, th SFC rs rom %, S2 rom %, S3 rom %, S4 rom %, S5 rom %, S6 rom %, S7 rom %, S8 rom %, S9 rom %, S10 rom %, S11 rom %, S12 rom %, S13 rom % n S14 rom %. Ths rss wr prhps u to th nrrow rto n th wrmn tmprtur rn n thus th t m muh sotr [5].By omprn th SFC t 0 C, 25 C n 37.5 C to th on o CB, S3 or S10 ws th st nt or CBS. Th SFC o S3 t 0 C, 25 C n 37.5 C wr 91.76%, 46.85%, 1.23%, whl th SFC o S10 t th orrsponn tmprturs wr 91.35%, 46.40% n 1.44% rsptvly. Slp Mltn Pont: Th slp mltn ponts (SMP) o 14 trnry lns r shown n Tl 2. As xpt, th mxtur ontnn hhr prnt o PMF v hh slp mltn pont, s monstrt y S3 (31.3 ± 0.10 C) n S10 (31.3 C ± 0.06 C), whl thos ontnn hhr ontnt o CO wr lowr n SMP s show y S7 (25.0 C ± 0.15 C) n S9 (24.8 ± 0.15 C). Amonst th lns stu, S3 (31.3 ± 0.10 C) n S10 (31.3 ± 0.06 C) show SMP losr to CB (31.1 ± 0.10 C), hn thy my onsr s potntl lns o CBS. Fr Ftty A: Fr tty prnts o trnry lns r shown n Tl 2. On th whol, FFA n most trnry lns ws n th rn o %. As shown n Tl 2, thr ws no snnt rn (p>0.05) mon th smpls xpt S1-S3, S5-S8, S7-S12, S9-S14 n S11-S13 whh show othrws (p<0.05). Howvr, ll vlus wr lowr ompr to r tty vlu n CB (1.41 ± 0.00%). Hhr FFA s normlly ssot wth poor qulty o rw mtrl [3] hn n ths s, th qulty o lns stu oul onsr s oo. 259

4 Tl 3: Am-Eurs. J. Ar. & Envron. S., 16 (2): , 2016 Ftty omposton (%) or mxturs o plm m rton (PMF), vrn oonut ol (VCO) n nol ol (CO) orn to rnt rtos s on Dsn Exprt Vrson 6.0. Ftty % CB S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C18-1n C18-2n C18-3n6G C18-3n3A C C20-1n C C20-3n C20-5n C C22-1n C C C C22-6n C24-1n S8, S9, S10 n S13: rplts or S5, S7, S3 n S11, rsptvly. Ion Vlu: As shown n Tl 2, on vlu or [S3] Tl 3. Th tty omposton wll nlun th n [S10], [S5] n [S8], [S7] n [S9] n [S11] n [S13] nutrton vlu n physl proprts o th t or ol n wr ± 0.30 n ± 0.45; ± 0.54 n ts prouts. For xmpl, th prsn o ± 0.34; ± 0.66 n ± 0.46; ± 0.54 n polyunsturt tty suh s lnol n ± 0.70 rsptvly. Th rn o on vlu or othr lnoln n v nl hlth t. On th lns ([S2], [S4], [S5] n [S6]) ws Th hhr othr hn, th hh lvl o str n rnr th ontnt o CO s n S2, S7, S9, S11, S12 n S13, prout omn hrr [4]. In ths stuy t ws oun nrlly proun lns o hhr on vlu. Ths s tht th S3 n S10 ontn th hhst mount o u to th t tht nol ol hs low sturt tty plmt (50.6%), whl S1 h th hhst str ontnt. Lkws, th lns rh n PMF (S3 n S10) (5.0%) n lnol (4.1%) ontnts rsptvly. show lowr on vlus. Ion vlu s vry rul Th prsn o TAG wth hh n plmt n most n trmnn th oxtv stlty o ts n ols. plm ol prout uss t to orm stl rystls, thus mkn t sutl or oo uttr susttut. Ftty A Composton: Ftty omposton o th Compr to CB, ll lns wr hh n plmt u trnry lns ontnn PMF:VCO:CO s shown n to prsn o PMF. 260

5 Am-Eurs. J. Ar. & Envron. S., 16 (2): , 2016 CONCLUSIONS 3. Ghzl, H.M., S. Hmh n Y.B. Ch Mn, Enzymt trnsstrton o plm oln wth Sn oo uttr (CB) s prm t wth unqu nonsp n 1,3-sp lpss. J.Amrn Ol mltn prol, thr s n to prou CBS rom Chmst s Soty, 72(6): hpr n sly vll rw mtrl. In ths stuy, 4. Gunston, F.D., Th Chmstry o Ols n Fts, th physo-hml proprts o trnry lns Sours, Composton Proprts n Uss. Nw ontnn PMF, VCO n CO wr nlyz n York: Blkwll Pulshn. ompr to CB. Amon th lns stu, S3 or S10 5. Jurrns, G., Anlyss n Chrtrzton o (PMF:VCO:CO, 90:5:5) ws losr to CB, splly wth Ols n Fts n Ft Prouton (. Boknoon, rspt to SFC n SMP. H.A), 2, Intrsn, Lonon, Nw York, Syny. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6. MDonl n Bru, Cnol ol nutrtonl proprts. POS Plot Plnt Corporton Ssktoon, Sskthwn Th uthors wsh to thnk UnvrstKnsn 7. M. Al, A.R. M.A.A, M.S. Emon nc.h.oh. Mlys or nnn ths rsrh projt v DPP-043- Flnoh,1992. Intrton o oo uttr quvlnt 2014 Fun. omponnt ts n trnry lns. ELAEIS4(1): REFERENCES 8. M. Al, A.R. n P.S. Dmk, Thrml nlyss o plm m-rton, oo uttr n mlk t ln y rntl snnn lormtry.j.amrn Ol 1. AOCS, Ol Mthos n Rommn Chmst s Soty, 71(3): Prts o th Amrn Ol Chmst s Soty, 9. Nzrun, R., S. Mmot n N.T. Loon, AOCS Prss, Chmpn, IL. Physohml proprts o nry mxturs o 2. Dosumu, O.O, O. Duru, A.A FI n A.A.Osnu, hyront plm krnl ol n ot mlk t. J Inlun o vrn oonut ol (VCNO) on Foo Lps, 12: oxtv strss, srum tstostron n 10. PORIM PORIM Tst Mthos. Mthos o onotrop hormons (FSH, LH) n hron Tst For Plm Ol n Plm Ol Prouts. Bn.Plm thnol nston. Ar. Bo. J. North Amrn Ol Rsrh Insttut o Mlys. 1:

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5/1/2018. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees /1/018 W usully no strns y ssnn -lnt os to ll rtrs n t lpt (or mpl, 8-t on n ASCII). Howvr, rnt rtrs our wt rnt rquns, w n sv mmory n ru trnsmttl tm y usn vrl-lnt non. T s to ssn sortr os to rtrs tt our