Influence of Substituting Water with Fermented Skim Milk, Acid Cheese Whey or Buttermilk on Dough Properties and Baking Quality of Pan Bread

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1 Worl Journl o Dry & Foo Sns 8 (): 00-7, 0 ISSN 87-08X IDOSI Pultons, 0 DOI: 0.589/os.ws Inlun o Susttutn Wtr wt Frmnt Skm Mlk, A Cs Wy or Buttrmlk on Dou Proprts n Bkn Qulty o Pn Br Aml A. Hssn, Ho A.M. El-Szly, Amny M. Skr n W A. R Dprtmnt o Foo Sn, Fulty o Arultur, An Sms Unvrsty, Sour El-Km, Eypt Foo Tnoloy Rsr Insttut, Arulturl Rsr Cntr, Gz, Eypt Astrt: In ts stuy, t t o rpln wtr wt rmnt skm mlk (FSM), s wy (ACW) n uttrmlk (BM) on som qulty rtrsts o ou n wt wt pn r n ts possl us n kry stor wr nvstt. T slt ry nrnts wr rst psturz n tn us n t lqu orm t 5, 50, 75 n 00% lvls o wtr n r mkn. T t o tr rpln on rolol o t ou, r qulty rtrsts, rum txtur n nutrtonl vlu o t rsultn r wr stu. Dt sow tt, us o FSM; ACW n BM t ll rpln lvls nrs wtr sorpton, stlty tm, vlopmnt tm n rs mxmum rsstn to xtnson, xtnslty n nry. T rs prpr usn slt ry nrnts v ststory rsults on t pysl proprts o r (volum, sp volum n nsty). Ovrll ptlty o t rsultn r ws omprl to t ontrol r t rpln lvl o 5 n 50%. In ton, t rsult rs wr mor nutrtous, rr n lvor n tstr ompr to t wt wt r. T ton o ry nrnts n r ou rsult n rtrton o stln rt tus ln to sotr txtur. T rsults sust tt FSM n ACW n rpln wtr wt 5 n 50%, wl BM wt 5% n r mkn n orr to v ttr r proprts omprl to tos o t ontrol rs. Consquntly, som ry y-prouts w r mostly onsr s prouton wsts wll utlz n t wll not only prov n vlu or t oo nustry, ut lso nrs t nutrtonl vlu o t r, s onsr stpl oo n t worl. Ky wors: Frmnt skm mlk % A s wy % Buttrmlk % Pn r % Br qulty rtrsts % Nutrtonl vlu % Stln rt INTRODUCTION ou n t qulty o r s n ou nrnts, nrnt mxtur or ou tvs or Bkry prouts n t Ml Est splly n t tv mxtur. In r kn, ton prous n Ar ountrs onsr n mportnt sour o nutrnts t tt n rsult n mny srl nts nlun.. nry, protn, mnrls n vtmns. Most kry nrs xtnslty, volum n mprov rum prouts n sly nr n ort t low ost sotnss. In our ys tr s prmnnt proupton wt protns, vtmns n mnrls to mt sp or n nt rovry o utl sustns rom yns o t trt roups o t populton []. prouts rom mlk nustry, splly n umn nutrton. T urrnt trn n t morn onsumr orntton Rsr prorss m possl rvluton o to nw oo prouts w stsy ot nutrtonl n nutrtonl vlu o ts prouts. From t mn snsorl rqurmnts mk to ppr nw prouts on tnolol prosss rom mlk tnoloy rsults t oo mrkt. T kry nustry tks n mportnt tr prnpl y-prouts: nont mlk, wy rom pl n ommoty mrkt us o t t tt r s otnn tnoloy n uttrmlk rom uttr s vry mportnt oo prout w s onsum ly tnoloy []. Wy s y-prout rsultn rom ry y popl. A mto o mprovn t proprts o nustry splly s prouton. Bot trtonl Corrsponn Autor: Aml A. Hssn, Dprtmnt o Foo Sn, Fulty o Arultur, An Sms Unvrsty, Sour El-Km, Eypt. 00

2 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 n morn mtos o s mnutur prou u mount o s wy (out 8% o t ntr volum o mlk us). Wy s lss to two typs, swt wy wt ph o out n wy wt ph o []. Wy n mor worl-w sposl n polluton prolm or t ry nustry. Tus, nutrtonlly vlul oo rsour ws wst n to t nvronmntl polluton. Bolol Oxyn mn or wy s onsr to vryn rom m/L [4]. In rnt yrs, utlzton o wy s n lt to n nxorl nssty n vw o t urrnt rqurmnts or llvtn nvronmntl polluton s wll s usn vll nutrnts or n t mlnours smnts o umn populton. Wy n norport vntously nto vrous oo ormultons [5]. Yous t l. [6] stu t onntrton o wy n ts untonlty n Frn typ r; ty rport tt t stlty n t mnl tolrn nx o Frn r ou ws mprov y t ton o wy sols, s wr t ntrnl n xtrnl rtrsts o t r. In ton, ty oun tt t ton o wy sols rtrton t on r stln n xtn ts storlty y two ys. Buttrmlk s n mportnt ry y-prout, otn y urnn rm or uttr mnutur or rom urn yourt. It s oo sour o protns, royrts, mnrls, vtmn A, lum, tooprol n oo olstrol. Buttrmlk s us s ry nrnt w s wly us n oo nustrs or ts mulsyn pty n postv mpt on lvor [7]. Buttrmlk tr n lu, onntrt or r orm s n us n t mnutur o som kry prouts su s r, suts, ks, t. It s vlul nrnt n splly kry prouts rqurn sort txtur, wtout xssv rynss. Buttrmlk sols t us lvl o.0% o lour wt v n rommn [8]. Msur t l. [9] stu t uttrmlk n lqu orm n ts t on r qulty; ty oun tt rplmnt o wtr wt uttrmlk n r to t xtnt o 5% n ou, mprov lo rtrsts w n turn nn t pysl n snsory ttruts o r. Inorporton o mlk n ts prouts n kn tnoloy n vrous orms (wol mlk powr, skm mlk powr, lqu s wy, uttr mlk, rmnt mlk, wy powr n/or wy protn onntrts) or svrl sr untons n oo prouts. Ty mprov mostur sorpton pty o ou, ltt ou nln, nrs urn pty urn rmntton n prvnt ton n prov ttr ontrol o myls tvty. Ty r known to mnmz t t o ovr mxn, nn lvor vlopmnt n rust olor, strntn rum strutur n txtur, mprov mostur rtnton n rtr stln pross n nn nutrtonl vlu w nlu nrsn lum n protn ontnt n supplmntn t ssntl mno s nlun lysn, mtonn n tryptopn. Ts untonl nts r rt rsult o t ts o mlk t n protn [6, 0,, ]. T prsnt stuy ms to utlz som ry y-prouts (.. s wy, uttrmlk) n rmnt skm mlk n r mkn n to vlut t t o rplmnt o wtr wt t slt ry nrnts on rolol, pysl, txturl n snsory rtrsts o wt wt pn r. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rw Mtrls: Austrln wt lour (WF, 7% xtrton) ws otn rom Fv Strs Compny, Swss Cty, Eypt. Inrnts lk sur, slt, nstnt tv ry yst n sortnn wr purs rom t lol mrkt, wl, lutn, soum stroyl ltylt (SSL), r sotnr n lum propont wr otn rom Symoss Bot, In. Tr ry nrnts wr us n ts stuy: s wy (ACW) n rmnt skm mlk (FSM) wr ollt rom t ry plot plnt-foo Tnoloy Rsr Insttut n uttrmlk (BM) ws ollt rom t lol smll rms. Ts ry nrnts wr rst psturz t 85 C/0 mn, ool n wtr ws rpl y FSM, ACW or BM t lvls o 5, 50, 75 n 00% n r mkn. All mls us or nlyss wr o nlytl r. Br Mkn: T onvntonl strt-ou mto or pn r ws prorm orn to t prour vlop y AACC []. T ormul us to mk rs s vn n Tl. Drnt wt ous wr prpr s ollows:. Wt lour (7% xtrton + optmum mount o wtr lult rom wtr sorpton w ws msur y rnorp).. WF + (75% wtr + 5% FSM).. WF + (50% wtr + 50% FSM). 4. WF + (5% wtr + 75% FSM). 5. WF + (0% wtr + 00%FSM). 6. WF + (75% wtr + 5% ACW). 7. WF + (50% wtr + 50% ACW). 0

3 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl : Inrnts n ontons or kn. Inrnts Quntty (%) Contons or kn Flour 00 Mxn mn low tn 0 mn Wtr / n FSM, ACW or BM* Optmum, s on n rto o ry nrnts Slt Yst Sur 5.0 Rstn tm 0 mn Br mprovr. Stn, moln n pnnn mn Glutn.0 Frmntton (Proon) 5 mn/7 C/86 RH** SSL*** 0. Bkn mn/0 C Sortnn.0 Cooln 60 mn/5 C Br sotnr 0.5 Sln n pkn 9 sl/on lo n polytyln s Clum propont *(FSM) Frmnt skm mlk; (ACW) A s wy; (BM) Buttrmlk (Rplmnt o wtr wt 5, 50, 75 n 00% o FSM, ACW or BM); ** (RH) Rltv Humty n *** (SSL) soum stroyl ltylt. 8. WF + (5% wtr + 75% ACW). Pysl Msurmnts o Pn Br: Lo wt () o 9. WF + (0% wtr + 00% ACW). t rsultn r ws msur tr ooln or on 0. WF+ (75% wtr + 5% BM). our, on tl sl, wl lo volum (m ) o r. WF + (50% wtr + 50% BM). ws msur usn rps rplmnt mto. WF + (5% wtr + 75% BM). orn to t prour o AACC []. Sp volum. WF + (0% wtr + 00% BM). (m /) o r ws lult y vn lo volum y ts wt, wl nsty (/m ) o r ws To mk r, t ry nrnts wr mnully lult y vn lo wt y ts volum. Totl mx n w owl n tn to mxn owl ttrtl ty (TTA) o rw mtrls n r ontnn wtr or (wtr + ry nrnt) n smpls ws vlut ollown t mto sr n sortnn. T omponnts wr torouly mx wt AACC []. T ph vlu ws trmn or ll tst ltr mxr or mn t low sp. T mxn sp ws smpls y ph mtr (Jnwy, 50, UK). tn n to mum or mn n tn t sp or 8 mn. T ou ws v nto ps o 500, Dtrmnton o Mnrls: Mnrls ontnt ws roun y n n llow to rlx or 0 mn. T stmt y tom sorpton sptropotomtr (mol ous wr mol tn pnn n proo 00, Prkn-Elmr, Bonsl, UK) orn to t (rmnt) or 5 mn t 7 C n 86% rltv umty prour outln y AOAC [4]. n rmntton nt. T proo ps wr k t 0 C/ mn n n ltr ovn. Susquntly, t Snsory Evluton: Lovs wr ornolptlly k r smpls wr tn pnn n ool or vlut or tr xtrnl n ntrnl proprts y t room tmprtur, pk n polytyln s n trtn stu mmrs o Foo Tnoloy Rsr us or urtr nlyss. Insttut, Arulturl Rsr Cntr, Gz, Eypt orn to Lwlss n Hymnn [5]. T pnlsts Anlytl Mtos: wr sk to sor or rust olor (0), rum olor (0), Proxmt Anlyss o Rw Mtrls n Br volum (5), txtur (5), rn (5), symmtry o orm (5), Smpls: Mostur, s, protn n ru t wr rom (0), tst (0), moutl (0), sln qulty (5) trmn orn to t mto o AACC []. n ovrll ptlty (00). Croyrts wr lult y rn. Flln numr, wt, ry lutn ontnt n lutn nx n t Amno As Contnt: T ontnt o mno s ws lour smpl wr trmn y t mto sr n trmn wt mno nlyzr (Borom 0, AACC []. Frn) orn to t mto o AOAC [4]. Rolol Crtrsts: Rolol rtrsts o ou smpls wr tst usn rnorp n xtnsorp pprtus orn to t mto sr n AACC []. Msurmnts o Br Crum Txtur: T nstrumntl txtur msurmnts wr m on rs n stor r smpls wt n Instron unvrsl tstn mn (Comt, B typ, Twn), prov 0

4 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 wt sotwr s sr y Dvou t l. [6]. On m o t s o t r smpls ws rmov rom ll ss. Approxmtly (40 x 40 x 0) mm p ws pun out, pl on t lt st n t txtur trmn. Txtur prol nlyss (TPA) ws prorm wt n lumnum ylnrl pro (5 mm n mtr). Br sls wr omprss to 50% o tr ornl t t ormton sp o mm/s n t omprsson urv ws ror. T sotwr ws us to lult rmnss (N), osvnss, ummnss (N), wnss (N), sprnnss n rsln vlus o t r smpls. Mns o sx rplts n stnr vtons or TPA prmtrs wr lult n us or orrlton nlyss. Sttstl Anlyss: All t wr xprss s mn vlus ± stnr vton or tr sprt trmntons. Sttstl nlyss ws prorm usn on wy nlyss o vrn (ANOVA). Drns mon mns wr ompr usn t Dunn's multpl rn tst wt snnt lvl o P<0.05. Rltonsp mon msurmnt vrls wr stu usn Prson orrlton, R n t orrlton tor. Sttstl nlyss ws onut wt t Sttstl Anlyss Systm [7]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pyso-Cml Anlyss o Rw Mtrls: Pyso-ml omposton o rmnt skm mlk (FSM), s wy (ACW), uttr mlk (BM) n wt lour (WF) s vn n Tl. Dt sow tt uttrmlk r lvls o t (6.%), ty (.%) wl s wy lowr t n protn ontnt (0.% n 0.5%, rsptvly) ompr wt otr rw mtrls. Wt lour ws r n ts royrts ontnt (7.9%) n ton to ts protn ontnt (.7%). On t ontrry, rmnt skm mlk lowr royrts ontnt (.76%) n lowr ph vlu (.99) ompr wt otr rw mtrls. Ts rsults r n rmnt wt tos otn y Msur t l. [9], Dmr t l. [8], Ammr t l. [9] n Lonkr t l. [0]. Rolol Crtrsts o Wt Dou Prpr y Rpln Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o Slt Dry Inrnts: Rolol rtrsts rlt t ou proprts urn prossn n t qulty o nl prout. Tl sows t rsults o t rnorp n xtnsorp vluton o wt lour ou prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o FSM, ACW or BM. Comprn to ontrol ou (00% wtr) FSM, ACW or BM s unton o nrs protn prnt n t ou. Ts t ws mor pronoun n wt lour ou prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o uttrmlk, wrs t nrs n wtr sorpton ws up to 7% n t ou smpl wt 00% uttrmlk. Sn, t s known tt most ry protns r wtr solul ut lutn, wt ou protn, s mostly wtr nsolul [, ]. Hr wtr sorpton pty o ou rprsnts onsstny w s srl n r mkn. Tror, t s oun tt nrs n rpln lvl o FSM, ACW or BM lnrly nrss wtr sorpton pty o ou. Ts rsults wr xpt u to struturl moton n ou u to o FSM, ACW n BM w llow mor wtr sorpton u to yron onn. Erou-Arnozky t l. [0] osrv tt ry nrnts nlun wy powr nrs wtr sorpton. Al-E t l.[] rport tt ou prpr y t 00% o unrmnt or 5% o rmnt prmt s snntly r wtr sorpton s wll s Gélns t l.[4] oun tt rmnt mlk v snntly r ou wtr sorpton ompr to t non-rmnt mlk. T r wtr sorpton o ou smpls (S-S) my v n u to t nrs yrton pty o t slt ry nrnts, prtulrly uttrmlk. Ts nrs oul ttrut to t wtr-solul omponnts o FSM, ACW n BM su s ltos, lumns n loulns [5]. It s n wll stls tt mlk sols nlun ou sorpton. It s nrlly rul tt ou sorpton nrss y prnt qul to tt o t ry prout us [6]. Erou-Arnozky t l. [0] oun tt r ou prpr wt wy powr rqur % mor wtr tn t ontrol wn t t 80 C. Wt rspt to ou vlopmnt tm, t oul osrv rom t Tl tt wt lour ou t lowst vlopmnt tm ( mn), w nrs upon rpln wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM. Dou vlopmnt tm rn rom.0 to 5.0 mn. T nn o t prsnt stuy r n onormty wt t stus o Bln t l. [5] wo rport n nrs n ou vlopmnt tm wn FSM, ACW or BM ws us to rpl wtr n t wt lour ou. Dou stlty, w s n ntor o ou strnt, lso nrs snntly (P<0.05) n t ou smpl wt 5 n 50% FSM r 6 n 5.5 mn, rsptvly, wl t 0

5 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl : Pyso-ml nlyss o rw mtrls (% ry wt). Inrnts Crtrst FSM ACW BM WF Mostur 90. ± ± ±0. Totl sols 9.87 ± ± ±0. Protn*.6 ± ± ± ±0.05 Ft.5 ± ± ±0.05. ±0.05 As 0.98 ±0.0.9 ± ± ±0.08 Wt lutn ±0.065 Dry lutn ±0.075 Glutn nx ±0. Flln numr ±0.00 ph vlu.99 ± ± ±0.0 TTA** 0.98 ± ±0.0. ± ±0.0 Totl royrt.76 ± ± ± ±0.06 (FSM) Frmnt skm mlk; (ACW) A s wy; (BM) Buttrmlk; (WF) Wt lour. *Nx5.70 or wt lour; Nx6.8 or ry y- prouts. **Totl ttrtl ty s % lt. Dt r mn vlus ± stnr vton o tr trmntons. Mn vlus n t sm row ollow y rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. Tl : Et o rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts on rolol proprts o wt lour ou. Frnorp prmtrs Extnsorp prmtrs WA AT DDT DST DS MTI MRE EX E Smpls (%) (mn) (mn) (mn) (B.U) (B.U) (B.U) (mm) PN (m ) l 6.0 ± ±0..0 ± ± ±0.0 0 ± ±.0 40 ±.0.9 ±0.04 ± ±0.5.0 ± ± ±0. 0 ±.0 0 ±.0 90 ±.0 4 ± ± ±0..0 ± ± ±0. 0 ±.0 0 ±.6 0 ±.0 85 ±.0.7 ±0.6 ± ±0..0 ± ± ± ±0.0 0 ±.0 k 0 ±.0 8 ±.0.56 ±0. ± ±0..0 ±0..0 ±0..0 ±0. 60 ±.0 40 ±5.0 l 0 ±.0 65 ±.0.69 ±0.4 k 5 ±.6 6 k 6.9 ±0.0.0 ±0..5 ± ±0.6 0 ±.0 0 ±.0 40 ±.0 40 ±.0.07 ± ± ± ±0..0 ± ± ±0.0 0 ±.0 60 ±.6 5 ±.0.67 ± ± ±0..0 ± ±0..0 ±0.4 0 ±.6 0 ±.6 40 ±.0 5 ±.0.5 ± ± ± ±0..5 ±0..5 ±0. 0 ±.6 50 ±5.0 0 ±.0 0 ±.0.46 ± ± ±0.5.0 ±0.4.5 ± ±0.5 0 ±.0 40 ± ±4.0 ± ± ±..0 ± ± ± ±.0 50 ±.6 0 ±.0 ±.0.54 ± ± ±0..5 ±0..0 ±0..0 ±0. 40 ±.0 50 ±4.0 0 ± ± ± ± ±0..0 ± ± ±0. 50 ±.0 50 ±.6 60 ±.0 95 ± ± ±.0 Dt r mn vlus ± stnr vton o tr trmntons. Mn vlus n t sm olumn ollow y rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. (WA) Wtr sorpton; (AT) Arrvl tm; (DDT) Dou vlopmnt tm; (DST) Dou stlty tm; (DS) Dr o sotnn; (MTI) Mxn tolrn nx; (MRE) Mxmum rsstn to xtnson; (EX) Extnslty; (PN) Proportonl numr (R/E) n (E) Enry. nrs n ou stlty ws non snnt n t ou smpls wt 5 n 50% ACW n BM. Dou stlty sow rmnt n tr vlus s FSM, ACW or BM ws nrs up to 75 n 00% n t wt lour ou s oul sn n Tl. Ts rs n ou stlty t r rpln lvls o FSM, ACW or BM my u to t nrs protn prnt n t ou n onsquntly ntrrn o sulpyryl roups o ry prout n t norml sulpyryl/sulp ntrn rtons ourrn urn wt lour ou vlopmnt or my u to t t o ry nrnts on stlty wt ou. Gélns t l. [4] rport tt ly ry nrnts snntly ru ou mxn stlty. Ts rsults r n rmnt wt tos otn y Ammr t l. [9], wo rport ntv t or t ton o wy on wt lour ou stlty, wl Bln t l. [5] oun tt t ton o wy n uttrmlk snntly nrs ou stlty, u to t rol o pyso-ml proprts o wy n uttrmlk w ontn rnt protn sours, mlk t n ltos. Al-E t l. [] oun tt t susttuton 04

6 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 wtr wt unrmnt prmt up to 00% n ontnn 5 n 50% t st sor or ovrll rmnt prmt up to 50% nrs rnorp ptlty (9.0 n 9.9, rsptvly) ompr stlty tm n tt ws ssot wt snnt wt otr r smpls n tr wr no snnt nrs n ou mxn tolrn. Ts rsults my (P>0.05) rns wt t ontrol r. It oul u to t rnt rtons unr t ontons o lv tt FSM- r up to 00% rust ou prprton. Alomr t l. [7] mnton tt olor, txtur, rn, rum olor n moutl, smlr to sulpyryl/sul roup my ply n mportnt tor tt o t ontrol r. FSM- r up to 75% n ontrolln t proprts o ou. volum n rom smlr to tt o t ontrol r. Extnslty trmns t lty o t ou to In t s o 75% s wy r, xtn urn s prouton y yst urn proon. pnlsts ssn lowr sor tn t ontrol r Exssvly xtnslty rsults n wk n slk or volum, moutl, rom n tst, owvr, t ou, w ollpss urn t proon st or wl ovrll ptlty ror 9.8 t 5% rpl kn n t ovn. Mxmum rsstn to xtnson o s wy r n tr wr no snnt t ou msurs t lty o t ou to rtn s rns wt t ontrol r. In t uttrmlk- n susquntly to orm sprny r. A vry r, s t mount o uttrmlk nrs n r rsstn to xtnson lso rsults n lowr lo volum ou, most o t snsory ttruts ror lowr us t tou ou s not pl o proon to n sor tn t ontrol r. Rplmnt o wtr wt optmum t wt t s prou y t yst [8]. 75 n 00% uttrmlk t on txtur, volum, Tr s nrl rmnt out t lnk twn tstn rom n tst; ts my u to sour tst n n kn prormn. A oo lo volum s v uttrmlk-ontnn r t r lvls. Howvr, t t s uls wtn t rmnt ou xpn ovrll ptn o 5 n 50% rpl uttrmlk wt mnml rupturn urn proon n kn. rs ror 9.8 n 9.46, rsptvly. Ts Tror, kn prormn s rlt to t ntrply rsults r n rmony wt Msur t l. [9], Kur n twn rsstn to xtnson (Rmx) n xtnslty Bw [0], Hrtn t l. [] n Dvy n Ro []. [9]. Extnsorp rsults or t nvstt smpls r Sttstl nlyss o snsory sors nt tt t summrzs n Tl. In t prsnt stuy, t st ovrll ptlty o t rsultn rs n rmnt n mxmum rsstn to xtnson ws rn otn y rpln wtr wt 5 n 50% rmnt only twn 6.5% or 5% ACW to.9% or 5% BM skm mlk, s wy n uttrmlk n r n wt lour ou n t rmnt n xtnslty ormulton. r 5.7% n wt lour ou prpr y rpln wtr wt 5% BM ompr wt t ontrol ou. Et o Rplmnt o Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o Ts rsults wr n prlll wt t rsults o pysl Slt Dry Inrnts on Pysl Proprts o n snsory proprts wrs rplmnt o wtr wt Br: T t o rplmnt o wtr wt FSM, 5 n 50% FSM, ACW or 5% BM n r ou ACW or BM on lo wt, lo volum, sp volum, r sors n snsory vluton n sp volum nsty, ph n TTA s sown n Tl 5. Lo wt o s % o t ontrol r. T us o ry nrnts r not r snntly (P>0.05) n t lo mprovs t nln proprts o r ou, s wll wt o t r smpls rmn unn s t s t r qulty. Howvr, t omplxty o t r rplmnt lvls o ry nrnts nrs. T mkn systm, nlun svrl sts o prossn volum o r lo ws msur y rps n ntrton mon t omponnts, mk t ult to splmnt mto. T mn vlus o lo volum prt t prormn o prtulr ry prout [0]. llustrt t t o rplmnt o wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM on t volum o t r lovs. As t Et o Rplmnt o Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o rplmnt lvl o wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM n t Slt Dry Inrnts on Snsory Proprts o r ou ws nrs, lo volum o r Br: Potorps o r smpls r llustrt n rs susquntly. T st lo volum ws F.. Snsory vluton sors or t rs vn y r prpr rom wt lour, wtout ny wt rnt lvls o FSM, ACW or BM r prsnt rplmnt o wtr (68.67m ), wl t lowst lo n Tl 4. Control r smpls ror t st volum (80.6m ) ws otn y r prpr rom sor or ll ttruts. Amon ll ry nrnts s wt lour ontnn 00% uttrmlk. Ts t my r trtmnts, rmnt skm mlk -r u to t rplmnt o wtr wt 00% FSM, ACW 05

7 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 () () () () (): Control smpl (Wt lour, 7% xtrton, 00% wtr) (): Pn r Smpls wt rnt lvls o rmnt skm mlk (FSM) (): Pn r Smpls wt rnt lvls o s wy (ACW) (): Pn r Smpls wt rnt lvls o uttrmlk (BM) F. : Br lovs ross-ston o ontrol n otr trrmnts. Tl 4: Snsory rtrsts o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts. Volum Bloom/rust Summtry o Txtur Grn Crum Arom Tst Mout Sln ovrll Smpls (5) olor (0) orm (5) (5) (5) Color (0) (0) (0) l (5) qulty (5) pt-lty (00) 4.6 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±. 9.8 ± ± ±.0. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.4 9. ± ± ±.08.7 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.4 4. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.07.8 ± ± ± ±0.8.8 ± ± ± ± ±0.4.8 ±.0.87 ± ± ± ± ± ±4.0. ±.5 9. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5.8. ± ± ± ±.8.87 ± ± ± ±.7.98 ± ± ± ± ±0.79. ±.5.45 ± ± ± ± ± ±6.79 Dt r mn vlus ± stnr vton (n = ). Mn vlus wtn olumns wt rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<

8 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl 5: Pysl proprts o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts. Sp volum Smpls Wt () Volum (m ) Sp volum (m /) Dnsty (/m ) ph TTA* (% o ontrol) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± k ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±. 5. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.9.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± k ± ± ± ± ± Mn vlus o tr rpltons ± stnr vton. Mn vlus wtn olumns wt rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. *(TTA) Totl ttrtl ty. or BM w rsult n rs rsstn to xtnson n nry vlu n tus t ou oms wkr n unl to rtn t s volv urn rmntton, proon n susquntly urn kn pross. Su ou my ollps urn kn n rsult n rs volum s oul sn n Tl 5. Ts rsults r n rmnt wt tos o Al-E t l. [] wo rport tt prmt t 50% susttuton ws most tv n nrsn t lo volum ompr wt otr trtmnts n tus oul u to ltos n lt rmntton w my stmult t s ormton urn ou proon. F. : Sp volum o t rs prpr y Smlrly, t sp volum (m /) o t r rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt smpls ws lult n t n not tt t ry nrnts. r t rplmnt lvl o wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM, t lss t r lo sp volum. Rplmnt n ts mt ttrut to t prsn o t o wtr wt ry nrnts snntly (P<0.05) protos-ppton known s lo volum prssnt rs t sp volum o r ompr to t [, 4]. ontrol r smpl. T st trtmnt n ts rr Prnt o sp volum o r, rltv to t ws oun to n t 5 n 50% s ontrol rn rom 68.6% or 00% uttrmlk rpl wy- rs (5. m /) ollow y t 50% r to 95.78% or 50% s wy rpl r. rmnt skm mlk- r (5.04 m /) ompr T slt rs n sp volum oul rlt to wt otr trtmnts s n sn n F. ; Wrs, t wy tt t protns n ry nrnts ntrt wt rplmnt o wtr wt 00% uttrmlk ws t ottom t lour n yst to orm ou. Knny t l. [] wt sp volum (.66 m /). Ts rsults r rport tt r m wt wy protn onntrts onsstnt wt tos otn y Gélns t l. [4], wo nrlly lss volum ompr to t ontrol m oun tt rmnt ry nrnts snntly wtout ry nrnts. Gélns t l. [4] lso oun prssn t on r sp volum o pn r tt norporton o rmnt ry nrnts n pn n t utors lso rport tt t r sp r ormulton rs sp volum. Howvr, volum ws unton o t ty o t nrnts. t loss o lo volum ws rvrs y tn t ry In ton, t r wt unonntrt nrnts t 80 C [0]. On t otr n, Ln t l. [5] wy snnt rs n t sp volum sow tt t ton o nont ry mlk nrs lo 07

9 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 ry nrnts on r ph n totl ttrtl ty (TTA) s prsnt n Tl 5. Totl ttrtl ty o r smpls ws msur n t mn vlus o t TTA llustrt t t o rplmnt o wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM on TTA o t rsultn r. It ws oun tt ry nrnts ton us nrs n r totl ttrtl ty lnrly n mxmum TTA ws osrv n t s o t 00% rmnt skm mlk n uttrmlk- rs (0.05%) n t mnmum vlu or ts prmtr ws ror n t ontrol r smpl (0.00%). It oul not rom Tl 5 tt t F. : Dnsty o t rs prpr y rpln wtr totl ttrtl ty o r ou snntly wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts. prssn t on r sp volum n ts t ws mor pronoun n t 00% rmnt skm mlk, volum t lvl o potssum romt nrs. Ts s wy n uttrmlk- rs. T sm supports t tt rmnt skm mlk, wy n trn ws lso osrv or r ph w rn rom uttrmlk protns v ntv t on lo volum to 5.. Ts rsults r n orn wt tos Butt t l. [6] rport tt t rs n lo volum otn y Gélns t l. [4]. o r my ttrut to t ruton n wt strutur ormn protns n low lty o ou to Proxmt Cml Composton o Pn Brs ntrp r u to t luton t on lutn wt t Prpr y Rpln Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o ton o non-lutn protns to wt lour. Slt Dry Inrnts: T ml omposton o Prout nsty s rtly rlt to t xpnson o t r smpls ontnn rnt lvls o slt ou urn proon n kn n t rtnton o ry nrnts r summrz n Tl 6. Bslly, ss wtn t lutn strutur, up to t pont o protn, s n t ontnts wr nrs rtly om-to-spon onvrson. Mny nrnt, ormulton proportonl to t lvl o FSM, ACW n BM n n prossn tors nput to nl prout nsty. t ormulton o pn r. Pn r w wtr ws Ts r mnly mnst trou ns n prout rpl wt 00% uttrmlk snntly (P<0.05) volum n ll strutur. T nsty (/m ) o t ror t st protn ontnt (.94%) ollow y r smpls ws lult n t oul osrv t r smpls wt 00% rmnt skm mlk rom t Tl 5 tt ry nrnts ton us (.49%) n 00% s wy (.49%) ompr nrs n r nsty lnrly n mxmum nsty to t ontrol smpl. Control pn r snntly ws osrv n s o t 00% uttrmlk- r (P<0.05) sow t lowst protn ontnt (.4%). (0.7 /m ) n mnmum vlu or ts prmtr ws T ontnt o s n ll ormulton o rs rn ror n t ontrol r smpl (0.87 /m ) s rom. to.6% wt t r smpl wt 00% oul sn n F.. s wy snntly (P<0.05) ror t T lssr nsty mon t rsultn r smpls st ontnt o s (.6%), w u to t s ws osrv n t 5 n 50% s wy- ontnt n s wy ompr wt otr ry rs ollow y t 50% rmnt skm mlk- nrnts. Howvr, t lowst s ontnt ws r (0.95 n 0.99 /m, rsptvly), t lssr osrv n t ontrol r smpl (.%). Brs n nsty o r rlts t oo txtur o t lovs w wtr ws rpl wt 00% uttrmlk wt ttr rn ormton n lso optmum kn o snntly (P<0.05) ror t st t ontnt t prout. Ts rsults r n t rn o tos (5.9%), wrs t ontrol r smpl t lowst rport y Cuvn n Youn [7], wo rport tt t ontnt (.45%). On t otr n, t ontnt o nsts o UK snw r, US pn r, Hrt mostur n rs ws nrs rtly proportonl to r, Hmurr uns n Rolls rn rom 0. to t lvl o FSM, ACW or BM n t ormulton o 0.5; 0.7 to 0.0; 0. to 0.5; 0.7 to 0.0 n 0.0 to 0.5 r. Howvr, t rn ws not snnt wt /ml, rsptvly. In ton, Mlomo t l. [8] oun 00% s wy n uttr mlk twn t tt t nsty ws 0.0 /ml o wt r nrmnt ontrol n ll ormultons xpt or t r smpls wt Wrnks Inn s. T t o slt wt 00% s wy n uttr mlk w 08

10 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl 6: Cml omposton o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts (% ry wt). Smpls Mostur Protn Ft As Totl royrts Enry (Kl) 8.5 ±0. m.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.04. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. l.0 ± ± ± ± ±0.6 k.7 ± ± ± ± ± ±0.8.4 ± ±0.0.0 ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.6 ± ± ± ±0..67 ± ±0.0.9 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.4.5 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.6 ± ± ±0.77 Dt r mn vlus ± stnr vton o tr trmntons. Mn vlus n t sm olumn ollow y rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. Tl 7: Mnrl ontnt o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts. Mnrl ontnt (m/00) Smpls F Zn C K N M P N/K 6.6 ±0.6.4 ±0.00 m 46.8 ± ±.55.4 ±0.0. l 0. ± ±0.0.7 ± ± ± ±0.0.9 ±0.0 k 0. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.4 ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.6 ± ±.5.67 ±..9 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0..4 ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.7 ± ± ± ±0.0 l 56.9 ± ±0.0.5 l 7.68 ±0.00 k 0. ± ± ±0.0 k ± ± ±0.0 k 8.08 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mn vlus o tr rpltons ± stnr vton. Mn vlus wtn olumns wt rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. ror 8.09 n 8.94%, rsptvly. Ts ws t r t ry nrnts nto r, t ttrut mnly to t r wtr sorpton o r ontnts o protn, s n t, tus ry uttrmlk n s wy w my v n nrnts mprovs t nutrtonl vlu o t rsultn u to t nrs yrton pty o t two ry r. Ts rsults r n ppro wt tos otn y-prouts, prtulrly uttrmlk. y Dvy n Ro [], Cuvn n Youn [7] n Tr wr snnt rns (P<0.05) mon t Anolon n Collr [9]. r smpls n royrts ontnt. T ontrol r smpl t st ontnt o royrts Mnrl Contnt o Brs Prpr y Rpln Wtr (44.47%) ollow y t on wt 5% s wy wt Drnt Lvls o Slt Dry Inrnts: (4.97%) wl t r wt 00% uttrmlk t Convrson o wt nto wt lour y mlln rus lowst royrts ontnt (9.59%). In t prsnt t ornl lvl o nutrnts n t wt. Tror, t stuy, ll r smpls lor vlus rn mnrl ontnt o r vrs onsrly wtn n twn 50.4 n 6. Kl/00. Howvr, t twn rnt r typs pnn on t lour rtst vlu ws osrv n 00% uttrmlk- prossn s wll s on t nrnts us n t rp r (smpl). Ts rsults r u to t 00% [40, 4]. Tl 7 prsnts t mro- n mro-mnrl uttrmlk rpl r ontn pprl mounts onntrtons o r smpls. Rplmnt o wtr o protn, t n ltos. T prsnt stuy sow tt wt FSM, ACW or BM nrs t mro-mnrl 09

11 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 onntrtons (P<0.05), prtulrly t lum n Tror, t nrs n lysn, mprov t's lmtn potssum lvls o t r smpls ompr to t ttruts n wt lour. It s lso mprov t sulpur ontrol r smpl. Brs n w wtr ws rpl ontnn mno s; mtonn n ystn prsnt wt 00% FSM, ACW or BM r lvls (P<0.05) n r s wll s mprovn t lvl o lun n o mro-mnrls n zn tn tos o otr r vln. Ts rsults r n prlll wt tos o Mlomo smpls. Howvr, t rtst nrs ws osrv n t l. [8], wo rport tt t mno prol o t t 00% rmnt skm mlk- r (smpl 5) wt r nrs wt nrmnt wt Wrnks w 5.59% mor lum, 44.5% mor potssum ott Inn s nrs. n 50% mor posporous ompr to t ontrol r smpl. Ts rsults r u to t t t Nutrtonl Vlu o Br Contnn 50% o FSM, slt ry nrnts r oo sour o ts ACW n BM: Br s t populrly onsum oo mnrls. llovr t worl; n, t plys n mportnt rol n T lum ontnt n rmnt skm mlk, umn t. Howvr, r s nturlly low n protn n s wy n uttr mlk- rs ws lowr tn nutrtonlly not ln t u to t s low n som tt rport y Bln t l. [5], wl ws smlr wt ssntl mno s, splly lysn. Tus, n rnt tos rport y Mous t l. [4], Dlolu n Tunl yrs, mprovn t nutrtonl prol o wt wt [4] n Issrlysk t l.[44]. On t otr n, t r s n o mu ntrst. Ts usully rlz y mro-mnrl onntrtons o t FSM, ACW n BM supplmntn wt lour wt numr o untonl rpl rs nrs y vrous lvls ompr to nrnts o rnt orn tt ontrut to nn t ontrol r smpl; t rtst nrs ws mnrl, vtmn, protn or try r omposton n ror or zn (7.48%) n 00% s ontnt n t n prout. In t prsnt stuy, ort wy- r (smpl 9). Ts rsults r n s n m y rplmnt o wtr tr wt FSM, rmony wt tos rport y Bln t l. [5]. Iron ACW or BM n t r ormulton to vlop ontnt o rnt r smpls rn rom 4.90 to nutrtonlly r pn rs. Aorn to t sply 6.5 m/00, st ron ontnt ws ror n t n Tl 9, ly onsumpton o 00 o 50% FSM, 5% rmnt skm mlk- r (smpl ) ACW or BM- r woul mt pproxmtly 54.9 ompr to tos o otr r smpls. T r to 8.90 %,.90 to 5.7%, 44.9 to 45.7%,.4 to smpls prpr y rpln wtr wt slt ry 7.86%, to 7.7% n.8 to 9.05% o DRIs or nrnts t N/K rtos rn rom 0.0 to 0.06 sulur mno s, lysn, stn, solun, w los to rommn rto (Tl 7). Tus t (pnyllnn+ tyrosn) n tronn, rsptvly. On rsultn rs r onsr n vnt or popl t otr n, mnrl lmnts must suppl rom wt rnl n loo prssur prolms. Snnt oo us t oy nnot syntss tm. It s proporton o t umn populton pprs to t rsk n stmt tt ovr 60% o worl's populton s ron u to ny n on or mor mronutrnts. Sn nt, ovr 0% s zn nt n out 5% s r s mor try sour or t populton, slnum nt [50]. Dns o C, M n Cu r rmnt skm mlk, s wy n uttrmlk rr ut oul our n rtn populton roups. oul us s untonl nrnts to mprov t T prolms o try mlnutrton r usully mnrl n mronutrnt ontnts. rss trou supplmntton, oo ortton or try vrston. Dt rvl tt r Et o Rplmnt o Wtr wt 50% o Slt ontnn 50% tr o FSM, ACW or BM woul Dry Inrnts on t Amno A Prol o Wt prov mor qut ntks o ssntl lmnts, s Br Smpls: T mno omposton o t xpt. A ly porton o 00 o rmnt skm mlk, rsultn r n t ontrol r s vn n Tl 8. s wy n uttrmlk rpl rs n mt Dt rvl tt n nrs o lmost mno s roun 7 to 68%, to 0%, 4 to 9% n 6 to 0% o prtulrly ssntl mno s o wt r smpls DRIs or ron, zn, lum n mnsum or ults prpr y rpln wtr wt 50% o FSM, ACW or (ml/ml), rsptvly. From t rsults ov, t BM. Ts nn ws k y t t tt t ry oul onlu tt usn rnt ry nrnts protns n qut supply o ll t ssntl mno su s rmnt skm mlk, s wy or s wt t possl nluson o sulpur-ontnn uttrmlk n r mkn rsult n mprovn t mno s su s mtonn n ystn [45]. nutrtonl vlu o t nl prout. 0

12 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl 8: Amno ontnt o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt 50% o slt ry nrnts. Conntrton (%) Amno s Control FSM ACW BM Arnn Asprt Alnn Isolun Proln Tronn Glutm Glyn Srn Cystn Vln Pnyllnn Lysn Lun Mtonn Hstn Tyrosn (Control) Wt lour (7% xtrton, 00%wtr). (FSM) rmnt skm mlk; (ACW) s wy n (BM) uttrmlk. Tl 9: Contruton o mro- n mro- nutrnt ntks to t rlvnt DRIs*onsumn n vr porton (00) o r ontnn 50% o slt ry nrnts. Contruton to DRIs (%) Itms DRIs Control r FSM r ACW- r BM - r Mro-nutrnt (/y) Protn Croyrts Enry (Kl/y) Mro-nutrnt(m/y) F Zn C K N M P Amno s (m/k/y) Hstn Isolun Lun Lysn Mtonn + ystn Pnyllnn + tyrosn Vln Tronn *(DRIs) Dtry Rrn Intks or ults (ml/ml o 9-70 yrs o ) st y t Foo n Nutrton Bor, [46-49]. Et o Rplmnt o Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o wt s kry prouts t prmry rol s ply Slt Dry Inrnts on t Txturl Proprts o y lutn. T nlyss o rmnss nt tt wn Br: T rsults rom txturl nlyzr msurmnts o t rplmnt o wtr wt FSM, ACW or BM lvl t r rum r vn n Tl 0. Intl rmnss o nrs, t rmnss o r rum sm to ontrol r ws N n nrs to.694 N n nrs, owvr, rplmnt o wtr wt 5 n 50%.957 N on t son n tr y o stor, s wy n r mkn not us rsptvly. T ntrtons twn str n otr snnt t on rmnss (0.858 n 0.86 N, mromolulr onsttunts r splly mportnt or rsptvly) on t y o kn, ompr wt t struturl ns ourrn n r rum. In trtonl ontrol r smpl. A snnt nrs o rmnss

13 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl 0: Et o rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnts on txtur prmtrs o pn r ovr ys stor pro. Smpls Frmnss (N) Cosvnss Gummnss (N) Cwnss (N) Sprnnss Rsln Zro tm ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.05 y ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.0 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.8 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 y.694 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.8 ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.7 ± ± ± y.957 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.7 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.04. ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0.7 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 Dt r mn vlus ± stnr vton o sx trmntons. Mn vlus wtn prtulr olumn wtn prtulr stor pro ollow y rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05.

14 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl : Dunn's multpl rn tst or t txtur proprts o pn r prpr y rpln wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry nrnt ovr ys stor pro. Smpls Frmnss (N) Cosvnss Gummnss (N) Cwnss (N) Sprnnss Rsln Mn vlus wtn olumns wt rnt suprsrpt lttrs r snntly rnt t P<0.05. tr t ton o rmnt skm mlk n uttrmlk r smpls ontnn 50, 75 n 00% uttrmlk rn rom 0.9 to.40 N n rom.6 to.0 N, (.046,.89 n. N, rsptvly), Br wt t rsptvly, on t y o kn. Sttstl nlyss o lowst ummnss ws m wt rplmnt o wtr ll stu r smpls ovr t stor pro wt 00% rmnt skm mlk n 5% s (Tl ) sow tt t rplmnt o wtr wt 50% wy, s oul sn n Tl. s wy not us snnt (P>0.05) In t s o wnss (prout o rmnss, t on rmnss on t tr y o stor ompr sprnnss n osvnss), tr wr no snnt wt t ontrol r smpl, wrs, r wt t rns (P>0.05) twn ontrol r smpl n st rmnss (.769 N) ws m wt 00% r smpls ontnn rmnt skm mlk up to 50%, rplmnt uttrmlk. In ton, rplmnt o wtr s wy up to 00% n 75% uttrmlk on t wt rmnt skm mlk up to 00%, s wy up y o kn (Tl 0). Sttstl nlyss o ll to 75% n uttr mlk t 5% lvl us slt ut nvstt r smpls ovr t stor pro snntly rr tn t ontrol r smpl. sow tt rplmnt o wtr wt rmnt skm All r smpls wt rplmnt lvls 5 n mlk up to 00%, s wy up to 50% rsult n 50% o FSM, ACW n BM sply smlr snnt ruton o wnss, w splly osvnss on t y o kn, w mns on sn tr t ton o 00% rmnt skm mlk t onsutv ys (Tl 0). Durn stor t rop (Tl ). Rplmnt o wtr tr wt FSM, ACW n vlu o osvnss ws smllst n t s o or BM rsult n snnt ruton o sprnnss rplmnt o wtr wt s wy up to 00%, ompr to t ontrol r smpl on t y o rmnt skm mlk up to 75% n uttrmlk up to 50% kn, xpt, r ontnn 5% uttrmlk n 50% n most pronoun wn 00% rplmnt lvl o s wy (Tl 0). Comprson o ll r rmnt skm mlk or uttr mlk wr us n rp. smpls unr stuy ovr t stor pro rvl tt Too rs o osvnss urn stor ll smpls sply lowr sprnnss vlus on t ntvly nluns onsumr's ptn o r, tr y o stor ompr wt t ontrol r us t rsults n rumln. Intl vlu o smpl. In most ss t sprnnss o nlyz ummnss (prout o rmnss n osvnss) o t smpls ropp urn stor (Tl ). Rplmnt ontrol r smpl ws N n nrs to.099 o wtr tr wt FSM, ACW or BM n r mkn N n.59 N on t son n tr y o stor, rsult n snnt (P<0.05) nrs o rsln rsptvly. Rplmnt o wtr wt 5 n 50% w ws mor pronoun wn 00% uttrmlk s wy n 5% rmnt skm mlk not us (0.48) ws us n rp, on t y o kn n snnt (P>0.05) t on ummnss on t y o omprson to t ontrol r smpl. Comprson o ll kn (0.609, 0.6 N n 0.64 N, rsptvly) ompr xmn smpls ovr t stor pro sow tt no to t ontrol r smpl. Comprson o ll snn rns (P>0.05) twn t ontrol nvstt r smpls ovr t stor pro r smpl n r smpls ontnn 50 n 75% rvl tt t st vlus wr osrv or rmnt skm mlk, 5 n 75% s wy n

15 50% uttrmlk (Tl ). Ts rsults r n rmony wt tos o Bln t l. [5], Jooyn [5] n Rostm t l. [5], wo rport tt rs wy n uttr mlk rs rmnss vlus smlr to t ontrol. Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Et o Rplmnt o Wtr wt Drnt Lvls o Slt Dry Inrnts on Stln Rt o Br: As t r stls, t txtur o rum ns rom sot n spony txtur to on tt s rm. Hn, rmnss s on o t most ommonly us mtos to trmn t r o r stlnss, w s n sown to orrlt wt r stln s msur F. 4: Stln rt o t rs prpr y rpln y onsumr ptlty [5]. T stln (rmn) rt wtr wt rnt lvls o slt ry o r smpls (lult rom t rns o nrnts. rmnss rom tr n rst y o stor) (F. 4). Dt o stln rt o r smpls rvl tt ln to sotr rum. Morovr, ton o ry rplmnt o wtr tr wt FSM, ACW or BM nrnts n r ormulton rsult n r wt rtrton t on t stln rt o t sotr rum w u to ontnt o wtr ws rsultn r. Br ontnn rmnt skm mlk prott n r txtur s wll s nn o ltos up to 00% t st (P<0.05) rs n n str nrss lton tmprtur o str n n stln rt rn rom 0.05 to 0.48 N ollow rsult rss stln rt o r tr 7 [5]. s wy up to 75% n uttrmlk t 00%, n omprson to t ontrol r smpl. Kulp t l. [54] Corrlton Cont Btwn Crtrsts o n Zow [55] rport tt t rs wt wy Dou, Frs n A Br Smpls: Prson wr prv y pnlsts to sty rs lonr tn orrlton nlyss mon rolol, pysl, snsory ontrol. Ts rsults r n orn wt tos n txturl proprts o rnt ou r smpls otn y Bln t l. [5], wo rport tt t rum r lst n Tl. T rsults prov rn o rmnss vlus o t wy n uttr mlk r snnt orrlton onts (r) (rom 0.05 to 0.99) smpls wr lowr tn tt t ontrol tr 7 o or t rltonsp twn svrl prmtrs otn stor. In ton, t utors mnton lso tt rom t sr rnt nlyss o ou, rs n rplmnt o wtr wt 00% psturz uttrmlk stor rs. v t lowst rmnss vlu tr 7 w nts Wtr sorpton ws ntvly orrlt wt sotr rum. Yous t l. [6] osrv tt us o stlty (r = t P<0.0), lstty ( t P<0.0), onntrt wy rtr stln n mprov t xtnslty (r = t P<0.0), sp volum kpn qulty o Frn-typ r. Erou-Arnozky (r = t P<0.0), ovrll ptlty (r = t t l. [0] oun tt t ton o wy protn P<0.0), ut postvly orrlt wt nsty (r = t rsult n t lowst r rum rmnss vlus or P<0.0), protn ontnt (r = 0.88 t P<0.0), rmnss 0 n tr stor n tror, wy protn (r = t P<0.0), rmnss (r = t P<0.0), npnnt o t trtmnt, oul rs t rt o rmnss (r = 0.68 t P<0.0) n rmnss (r = 0.54 t r stln. Furtrmor, urn sour ou P<0.0); n s t wtr sorpton nrs t prprton, lt tr prou numr o protn ontnt, nsty n rmnss nrs, wl, mtolts w v n sown to v postv stlty, lstty, xtnslty, sp volum n t on t txtur n stln o r,.. orn ovrll ptlty rs. Sp volum ws s, xopolysrs n/or nzyms [56]. ntvly orrlt wt nsty (r = t P<0.0), Atonlly, t rop n ph ssot wt protn ontnt ( r = t P<0.0), rmnss 0 prouton uss n nrs n t protss n (r = t P<0.0), rmnss (r = t P<0.0), mylss tvty o t lour, tus ln to sotr rmnss (r = t P<0.0) n rmnss (r = txtur. Ts support t tt ton o rmnt t P<0.0), ut postvly orrlt wt ovrll skm mlk n t ormulton slow r stln n ptlty (r = t P<0.0); tror, s t 4

16 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 Tl : Corrlton ont twn rtrsts o ou rs n r smpls. Itms Wtr sorpton Stlty Elstty Extnslty Sp volum Dnsty Protn Ovrll Aptlty Frmnss 0 Frmnss Frmnss Stlty ** Elstty ** 0.4** Extnslty ** 0.7* 0.94** Sp volum ** 0.600** 0.40** 0.** Dnsty 0.846** - 0.6** ** ** ** Protn 0.88** - 0.7** ** ** ** 0.78** Ovrll ptlty ** 0.548** 0.460** 0.6** 0.780** ** ** Frmnss ** ** ** ** ** 0.874** 0.876** ** Frmnss 0.767** ** ** ** ** 0.785** 0.76** - 0.6** 0.84** Frmnss 0.68** - 0.8** * ** 0.777** 0.59** ** 0.759** 0.797** Frmnss 0.54** ** ** 0.774** 0.97** ** 0.645** 0.65** 0.800** **Corrlton s snnt t P<0.0. *Corrlton s snnt t P<0.05. Frmnss 0,,, : Frmnss o sl r t y 0, y, y, y. sp volum nrs, t ovrll ptlty t ry nustry n t utlzton o rmnt skm mlk, nrs wl nsty, protn ontnt n rmnss wy n uttrmlk vll n u quntts to rs. In ton, nsty ws postvly mprov t nutrtonl vlu o t prout. orrlt wt protn ontnt (r = 0.78 t P<0.0), rmnss 0 (r = t P<0.0), rmnss (r = t REFERENCES P<0.0), rmnss (r = t P<0.0) n rmnss (r = t P<0.0), wl ntvly orrlt wt. Inrn, D., P. Prsnkr, J. Rv n G.V. Ro, ovrll ptlty (r = t P<0.0); Tus s t 007. Inluns o wy protn onntrt on t nsty nrs, t protn ontnt n rmnss rolol rtrsts o ou, mrostrutur nrs wl ovrll ptlty rs. n qulty o unlvn lt r (prott). Foo Furtrmor, ovrll ptlty ws ntvly Rs. Int., 40: orrlt wt rmnss 0 (r = t P<0.0), rmnss. Doru, D.V., D. Ston, I. Con, C. Mtsu n (r = t P<0.0), rmnss (r = ) n T. I. Trs, 0. T rovry o wy n som rmnss (r = t P<0.0); Hn s t ovrll kry prouts otns tnoloy. J. ptlty rs, rmnss nrs. Protn Arolmntry prosss n Tnoloy, ontnt ws ntvly orrlt wt ovrll 8(4): ptlty (r = t P<0.0), wl postvly. Al-s, A., K. R. Am, H. Aloomy, S. Alorrlt wt rmnss 0 (r = t P<0.0), rmnss Qr, D. Sl, H. Sk n L. Must, 0. (r = 0.76 t P<0.0), rmnss (r = 0.59 t P<0.0) n Crtrzton, onntrton n utlzton o rmnss (r = 0.97 t P<0.0); tus, s t protn swt n wy, Intrntonl Conrss o ontnt nrs, t rmnss nrs n t Ennrn n Foo, My -6, Atns, Gr. ovrll ptlty rs. Ts rsults r n 4. Mrtn-Dn, A.B., D. Ro, J. Frs, J. Muly, rmnt wt tos otn y Y [57], Gámro t l. G.T.M. Hnn n C. Brry-Ryn, 006. Wy [58] n Al-Sl n Brnnn [59] n ts utors prmt s o-prsrvtv or sl l rport tt volum ws ntvly orrlt wt mntnn o rs-ut vtls, Innovtv rmnss (r = ) n nrs volum ls lowr Foo S. Emr.T., 7: -. nsty. 5. Grs, P.W., H.C. Crpntr n R.S. Anrssn, 000. CONCLUSION Moln t vlopmntl roloy o wt lour ou usn xtnson tsts. J. Crl S., (): -. It ws onlu tt rplmnt o wtr wt 6. Yous, A.K., M.A. Au-Es, M.A. Hum n rmnt skm mlk or s wy up to 50% n M.J. Al-T', 998. Conntrton o wy uttrmlk up to 5% n r ou, mprov r n ts untonlty n Frn typ r. Int. J. qulty, rtr stln n promot t non-nzymt Dry T., 5: rownn, w s postv t on prout 7. Son, I., P. Mortn, A. Ol n R. Jmnz-lors, pprn n lvor vlopmnt n nn t 006. Compostonl n untonl proprts o nutrtonl vlu o t rsultn r. Tus, t s uttrmlk: A omprson twn swt, sour n sust tt t kry nustry oul ollort wt wy uttrmlk. J. Dry S., 89():

17 Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 8 (): 00-7, 0 8. Ptl, H.G. n A.H. Jn, 994. Dry nrnts n. Hlln, E., S. Inolu n P. Answort, 004. kry prouts - rvw. Bvr Foo Worl, Et o rmnt/rmnt owp lour ton : 4-9. on t rolol n kn proprts o wt 9. Msur, S.B., K.C. Trn n U.N. Kulkrn, 009. lour. J. Foo En., 6: Et o uttrmlk on qulty rtrsts o. Anton, A.A., K.A. Ross, O.M.R. Lukow, G. Fulr r. Krntk J. Ar. S., (5): -4. n S.D. Arntl, 008. Inlun o n 0. Erou-Arnozky, N., Z. Czuowsk n lour (Psolus vulrs L.) on som pysl n Y. Pomrnz, 996. Funtonlty o wy n sn nutrtonl proprts o wt lour tortlls. Foo n rmntton n n rkn y x n Cm., 09: -4. optmz prours. Crl Cm., 7(): Al-E, S.M., A. A. Al-Nswy n S.S. Al-Sk. Knny, S., K. Wrl, C. Stnton n E.K. Arnt, Am, 999. Inlun o susttutn wtr wt 000. Inorporton o ry nrnts nto wt ultrltr mlk prmt on ou proprts n r: Ets on ou roloy n r qulty. kn qulty o wt pn r. J. Crl S., Euro. Foo Rs. T., 0: : Gllr, E., A. Kunkl, T.R. Gormly n E.K. 4. Gélns, P., J. Aut, O. Ln n M. Von, Arnt, 00. T t o ry n r powr 995. Frmnt ry nrnts or r: ts ton on lo n rum rtrsts n on t on ou roloy n r rtrsts. Crl sl l (ntrmt n lon-trm) o lutn-r Cm., 7(): rs stor n mo tmospr. Euro. Foo 5. Bln, B., O. Dðloðlu n M. Konyl, 006. Rs. T., 8: Funtonlty o r m wt psturz. AACC, 000. Approv Mtos o t Amrn wy n /or uttrmlk. Itl. J. Foo S., t Assoton o Crl Cmsts, 0 E. St. Pul. 8(): Mnnsot: T Amr. Asso. Crl Cm. In. 6. Pylr, E.J., 988. Bkn Sn n Tnoloy. USA. r Vol. II, E. p. 497, Mrrm, Knss: Sosln t 4. AOAC, 000. Ol Mtos o Anlyss. 7 E. Pulsn Compny, USA. Assoton o Ol Anlytl Cmsts. 7. Alomr, W., A.K. Als n M. Hn, 0. Gtrsur, Mryln, USA. Utlzton o ln wy ltos yrolyz 5. Lwlss, H. n H. Hymnn, 999. Snsory syrup n kn n ontonry. Pk. J. Nutr., Evluton o Foo: Prnpls n Prts, (8): Cpmn n Aspn Pulsrs In. Gtrsur, 8. Srnnt, R. n K. Kn, 00. Et o MD, USA. yropl ums on rozn ou I. Dou qulty, 6. Dvou, S., M. L Mst, E. Dvr n D. Bkrt, Crl Cm., 80(6): A ontruton to t stuy o stln o wt 9. Anrssn, R.S., F. Bks, P. W. Grs, A. Nkolov r: t o wtr n yroollo. Foo n J.T. Woo, 004. Wt-lour ou xtnslty Hyroollos, 0(4): s srmntor or wt vrts. J. Crl S., 7. SAS, 996. Sttstl Anlyss Systm or wnows. 9(): In: SAS/STAT Usr's Gu, Vrson 4.0, Rls 0. Kur, H. n U. Bw, 999. Et o norporton 6., SAS Insttut In. Cry, NC, USA. o swt rm uttrmlk on rolol n r 8. Dmr, M.K., A. Elün n M.. Arun, 009. A mkn proprts o mum protn wt lour. rsr on t ts o supplmntton o s Av. Foo S., (-): 9-4. wy, uttrmlk n rn yourt wy s. Hrtn, P., A.S.M. Syn n M. Gzz, ry y-prouts on som r proprts. G, 006. An nvstton o t t o wy powr 4(): on t qulty o Hmurr r. Irn. J. Foo S. 9. Ammr, A.S., S.A. Slm n F.H. Br, 0. T., (): Rolol proprts o wt lour ou s. Dvy, N. n K.J. Ro, 00. Stus on utlzton o t y ton o wy n soy protns. Pk. Inn ott s wy n wt r J. Nutr., 0(4): mnutur. J. Foo Pro. Prsr., 4: Lonkr, S.P., A.P. Mn, R.C. Rnvr n. Volp, T. n M.E. Zk, 975. A wy protn A.K. Soo, 0. Dvlopmnt o Instnt "Mtt ontrutn to lo volum prsson. Crl Cm., Mx". Worl J. Dry & Foo S., 6(): :