The physico-chemical, eating and sensorial properties of germinated brown rice

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1 WFL Pulsr Sn Tnoloy Mr-Rstlnt 3 B, FI-98 Hlsnk, Fnl -ml: no@worl-oo.nt Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt Vol.(2) : T pyso-ml, tn snsorl proprts o rmnt rown r Surt Jmynyun 1 * Bun Oorkul 2 1 Dprtmnt o Aro-Iustry, Fulty o Arultur, Nturl Rsours Envronmnt, Nrsun Unvrsty, Ptsnulok 5, Tl. 2 Dprtmnt o Arulturl, Foo Nutrtonl Sn, Unvrsty o Alrt, Emonton, Alrt, TG 2P5 Cn. *-ml: surtm@ml.om Rv 2 Dmr 27, pt Mr 28. Astrt Ets o rmnton pross rmnton tm on slt pyso-ml, tn snsorl proprts o rmnt rown r wr stu. Grmnton pross nlu sokn r n wtr or or or rnn lvn t to rmnt or t pros o,,,. Rsults sow tt ts o rmnton pross on ookn txturl proprts o ook r wr mor pronoun wn r ws sok rmnt or lonr pro. Durn rmnton, α-myls plys mportnt rols ltr strutur n r krnls. Compr to ook rulr rown r, pnlsts rt ntnsty o ttruts n ook rmnt r s n swtr, sotr, mor swll osv. For r sok or or, tr ws snnt postv orrlton twn rmntn tm α-myls tvty (r = ), sz xpnson, l onsstny (r =.889, r =.95) lkln sprn vlu (r =.85, r =.992). On t otr, rnss (r = -.952, r = -.834), mylos ontnt (r = -.989, r = -.99), ulk nsty (r = -.882, r = - 942), pstn proprts, ookn tm (r = -.82, r = -.788), % wtr uptk (r = -.981, r = -.959) % volum xpnson (r = -.954, r = -.94) sow snnt ntv orrlton wt rmntn tm. Ky wors: Grmnton, rmnt r, rown r, pyso-ml proprts. Introuton R s stpl oo or popl n mny ountrs nlun Tl, t worl st r xportr. For py r, wn t usk s rmov, t rns otn r ll rown r u to t rown-olor rn tt ovrs t rn. Wt r s otn wn t rn s rmov n t rulr mlln pross. A rmnton pross s ntrou to rl rns su s r, ots wt, n orr to sotn t rn txtur or ty r r ook. Grmnton s pross tt nvolvs t uptk o wtr y qusnt ry s, rsultn n t lonton o t mryon xs 1. It ommns wt t uptk o wtr y t ry s v pross ll mton s omplt wn prt o t mryo, usully t rl, xts to pntrt t strutur surroun t 2. For r, t mryo s rmnt tr r s sok n wtr or rtn pro. T rmnton pross s trmnt wn t mryon xs s pproxmtly 1 mm lon. It s n rport tt rmnt rown r (GBR) ors rt l o nt. Sn t r s n sotn urn t rmnton, t wll sot nou to t wn ook n n ornry r ookr. T nrs o nutrnts n GBR s n tvly rsr n Jpn. T nutrnts nlu γ-mnoutyr (GABA), try r, nostols, rul, pyt, tootrnols, mnsum, potssum, zn, γ-oryznol prolyloppts ntor 3. Bnl olol tvts o ts ompous v n wll oumnt. It s n rport tt rulr ntk o rmnt rown r s oo or lt;.., t n lp lrt mtolsm o t rn, prvnt, rlv onstpton, prvnt olon nr, rult loo sur lvl, prvnt rt ss, lowr loo prssur prvnt Alzmr s ss. Mny rtv oxyn sps, orm s y-prouts o mtolsm, r potntl sours o lp proxton n plnt lls. Tror, som ntoxnts r prou to prott plnt lls rom lp oxton. Grmnton s n sown to nrs otv ompous,.., ntoxnts, nlun tooprols, rotnos, vtmn C pnol ompous n r 4, 5, wt, Lupnus lus L. vr. Multolup 7 mz owp 5. Rsr t ssot wt pyso-ml, tn snsorl proprts o r l wt lum-ort r 8, prol r 9 rnt r vrty 1. Unortuntly, snt t rlvnt to su proprts o GBR r not rly vll n Tl. Compr to mll r, rown r s known or ts nutrtonl nt. Howvr, onsumpton o rown r s vry lmt u to ts r txtur. Ts stuy ws out to trmn t t o rmnton, splly t sokn tm rmntn tm on som proprts nlun pysoml, tn snsorl spts o rmnt rown r. Mtrls Mtos Brown r (Hom Ml 15) ws rown n Ampur L-yo, Nkonswn Provn, Tl. Py r ws ltly mll to rmov t usk ut lvn t rn lyr ntt. T mll rown r ws kpt n ol room (4 C) untl urtr us. Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl

2 For t rmnton, mll rown r ws ws on wt stll wtr to rmov ontmnnts. Fv k o t ws r ws pl n rtnulr try to w stll wtr (1:1) ws lt st t room tmprtur or or or rnn. T wrpp rns wr lt or vrous lnts o tm, rnn rom - t ntrvl. Durn ts pro, wtr ws prolly spry ovr t rns to mntn mostnss. Smpls o 1 k o t rns wr tkn vry. T smpls o rmnt r rns wr rns wt stll wtr on, r n try ryr (5 C, pprox. 3 ) to mostur ontnt o <13%, tn pk n plst zp-lok s kpt t 4 C untl urtr nlyss. T 1 rmnt rown r smpls wr snt -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - -, n w t rst so numr rprsnt sokn tm rmntn tm, rsptvly. T un-rmnt rown r ws us s ontrol. Grmnton rt (%) ws stmt orn to Akrnyk 11. Brly, 1 krnls wr rmnt s prvously sr. Grmnt krnls wr ount rsults o 3 rpltons wr tkn s % rmnton. Cookn mto: T rtos o r to wtr or ontrol rmnt r wr rnt sn our prlmnry work sow tt som rmnt r rqur lss wtr to ook ompr to tt o t ontrol. Tror, n orr to otn ook r wt srl pprn, t ws nssry to ust t mount o wtr us wt r smpl. Rto o unrmnt r: wtr ws 1:3, wrs tos or rmnt r -, -, -, - - wr 1:2, 1:2, 1:7.5, 1:1.5 1:1.5, rsptvly. R sok or rqur lss wtr or ookn. Rto o rmnt r -, -, -, - - to wtr ws 1:1.5, 1:1.45, 1:1.3, 1:1.25 1:1.2, rsptvly. T r ws ook usn r ookr wt n vr ookn tm o 1 mn. T r smpls wr lt n t r ookr or pproxmtly 1 mn or urtr nlyss. Dtrmnton o pyso-ml proprts: T pysoml proprts o r rns nlu lnt (L), rt (B), L/B rto, prrp olor, 1-krnl wt, ulk nsty, rnss, protn, mylos α myls ontnt, l onsstny lkln sprn vlu. T lnt rt o r rns wr msur usn Vrnr llpr (Pok VS-15,.1 mm-15 nm), wt 1 rpltons. T L/B rto ws lult y vn t umultv lnt o 1 krnls y t umultv rt o tn krnls. T prrp olor ws trmn usn HUNTER LAB (DP 9) xprss s CIE l vlus (L*, *, *). On tous krnls wt omplt rn wr slt w to trmn 1-krnl wt. T rnss o ook rown r ws msur usn Instron (Mol 4411 SN 282) wt puntur pro. Cook r smpls wr put n ylr sp-ontnr omprss wt t pro t rt o 1 mm/mn, to 8% o t smpl t. Dtrmnton o protn ontnt n rown r ws rr out usn Kll mto 13 wt onvrson tor o T mto o Julno 14 wt som motons ws prorm to trmn mylos ontnt n rown r. T α-myls tvty ws trmn orn to mto o Won 15 xprss s unt nzym, rprsntn mount o α-myls tt n onvrt sustrt to 1 µ o run sur. T l onsstny ws trmn orn to mto o Yu Wn 1. Brly,.2 ml o tymol lu soluton ws to.1 lour otn rom rown r smpls. Tn.2 ml o 2 N KOH ws. T mxtur ws l mmtly ol or 8 mn. T slurry otn ws tn l n or t ws put n tst tu sok n ol wtr or 2 mn. T tst tu ws pl orzontlly on rp ppr t low stn ws msur. T msurmnt o lkln sprn vlu 1 ws xprss s lvl 1-7, n w lvl 1 7 rprsnt ntt totlly stroy krnls wn put n KOH soluton, rsptvly. Dtrmnton o tn qulty: Etn qulty msurmnt ws rr out orn to Gurl Kumr 13. T wt xpnson ws lult s ollows: % Wt xpnson = [(W - W u )/W u ] x 1, wr W W u s t wt o 5 ook unook krnls, rsptvly. T prnt lonton, prnt wtr uptk prnt volum xpnson wr trmn smlrly. For ookn tm, 5 r krnls wr pl n tst tu ontnn 2 ml o wrm stll wtr. T tst tu ws mmrs n wtr t or 1 mn or t ws tkn out tr vry 3 s prss twn two mrosop lss sls. T ookn tm ws ror wn tr ws no lky or o t krnl. Dtrmnton o pstn proprts: Dtrmnton o t pstn proprts ws prorm usn Rp Vso Anlyzr (RVA-4, Nwport Snt), n w pstn urv n v wtn 13±2 mn. Exprmnts wr rr out usn t STD 2 prols 17. Pk vsosty, nl vsosty, pstn tmprtur o str wr otn rom pstn urvs. Mrol lo trmnton: Totl vl plt ount, yst mol ontnt n unook ook rown r wr trmn orn to mtos sr n AOAC 14. Dtrmnton o snsorl proprts: T snsory vluton ws out y trn pnlsts, onsstn o rut stunts rom Dprtmnt o Aro-Iustry, Nrsun Unvrsty. T quntttv srptv mto wt som motons ws mploy. Pnlsts wr trn or tul tstn. In trnn sssons, ty rt trmnoloy srn ttruts o ook rmnt rown r. Ty wr tn ustom to tos trms y provn tm wt rnt rrn smpls. In t tul tstn, ty wr sk to rt ntnsty o ttrut w srs snsorl rtrst o rown r. T rsults wr xprss s spr w. Sttstl nlyss: Exprmntl t wr sut to nlyss o vrn (ANOVA) usn SPSS (Vrson 11.). Trtmnt mns wr tst sprtly usn Dunn Nw Multpl s Rn Tst (DMRT) t 5% lvl o prolty. Rsults Dsusson T rmnton rt s sown n Tl 1. Atr sokn, t mryon xs not mr mmtly ut m mor pprnt s t rmntn tm nrs. T lonr t Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl 28

3 Tl 1. Grmnton rt o rown r ur rnt rmntn otons. Sokn tm () Grmntn tm () Grmnton rt (%) rmntn tm, t lonr ws t mryon xs. Howvr, ts rl m unnotl wn t rmnt rns wr r. Sz xpnson, prtulrly n rt, o rmnt r ws notl wt lonr rmntn tm, ln to rs L/ B rto (Tl 2). Prrp olor xprss s L*, * * vlus o ontrol rmnt r ws not sttstlly rnt. R sok or sow r 1,-krnl wt, ompr to unrmnt smpl. Atvty o α-myls n rown r s sown n F 1. α-amyls tvty n un-rmnt smpl ws pproxmtly 2x1-3 unt/ ml. T nzym tvty nrs n som smpls nlun -, -, -, - -. Ts ts tt α-myls tvty ws r t lonr t sokn rmntn tms. T l onsstny, xprss y t lown stn, s sown n F. 2. Gl m wt rmnt r lour low or lonr stn, tn tt, upon ookn, rmnt r ws sotr ompr to tos o ontrol. Amylos ontnt rnss o rown r or tr rmnton s sown n Fs 3-4, rsptvly. T tr prmtrs rs s rmntn tm nrs. Amylos ontnt s n mportnt prmtr or r qulty s t rtly ts krnl rmnss nvrsly ts stknss lossnss o t ook rn 19. As t rsults o α-myls tvty, mylos ontnt n rmnt rown r rs (F. 3). It s n rport tt urn rmnton, myls nzyms r rls rom t sutllum. Ts nzym n rk own str to sortr ns to yl xtrn olosrs wt t nomr C1-OH n t -onurton 15. T nzym s tvt urn t rmnton pross. It s n rport tt mrk nrs n t prouton o luos mltoolosrs ompns t rkown o str Alp- myls (unt/ml.)*(1-3 ) Fur 1. Alp-myls tvty o un-rmnt rmnt rown r. Not: tr = unrmnt rown r, trtmnt xprss s (1; 2) = sokn tm (1); rmntn tm (2). Drnt lttrs t snnt rn t α =.5. Gl onsstny(mm.) k Mltotros ws ou to onsttut t rtst porton o t olosrs trouout t rmnton st. α-amyls tvty ws ou to prlll t pttrn o str rkown. Assys or posporyls tvty sow tt ts nzym my ount or mu smllr mountso str rkown pr rn s ompr to t mounts yrolyz y α-myls 2. As t strutur o myls s n ltr to sortr ns, ts lso t rnss o rmnt r s sown n F. 4. tr ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; k Trtmnt tr ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Trtmnt Fur 2. Gl onsstny o un-rmnt rmnt rown r. Not: tr = unrmnt rown r, trtmnt xprss s (1; 2) = sokn tm (1); rmntn tm (2). Drnt lttrs t snnt rn t α =.5. Tl 2. Pysl proprts o rmnt rown r prpr usn rnt rmntn otons. Tm () Sz (mm) Prrp olor 1-krnl L/B Sokn Grmntn Lnt Brt L* * * wt () Unrmnt Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl 28 1

Hrnss(k) 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Fur 3. Hrnss o un-rmnt rmnt rown r. Not: tr = unrmnt rown r, trtmnt xprss s (1; 2) = sokn tm (1); rmntn tm (2). Drnt lttrs t snnt rn t α =.5. Amylos ontnt(%) 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 F.

Wn put n lkln soluton, r rns tt v n rly ltr n sp t lowr ltnzton tmprtur 21, 22.

T rsults mply tt rmnt rown r s sr to ook sn t n ook t lowr tmprtur, ompr to tt o ontrol smpl. T pstn proprts o unrmnt rmnt r vr snntly s t y 5% DMRT (Tl 3).

It n sn tt t r t str vsosty, t r t pstn tmprtur. Tortlly, rtrorton s ssot wt r mylos ontnt n str l systm. Wn t systm s ool, r-ssoton twn str moluls, splly mylos, ours to vrous rs 23.

4 Hrnss(k) Fur 3. Hrnss o un-rmnt rmnt rown r. Not: tr = unrmnt rown r, trtmnt xprss s (1; 2) = sokn tm (1); rmntn tm (2). Drnt lttrs t snnt rn t α =.5. Amylos ontnt(%) F. 5 sows ns o r krnl n lkln soluton, xprss s lkln sprn vlu, rnn rom lvl 1-7. T vlu s us to msur ltnzton o r s n us or mny yrs to torz ook r proprts. Wn put n lkln soluton, r rns tt v n rly ltr n sp t lowr ltnzton tmprtur 21, 22. Dt rom ts stuy sow tt smpls sut to lonr rmntn tm (smpls -, -, -, - -) lkln sprn vlu o, wrs t rst o smpl lkln sprn vlu o 5. T rsults mply tt rmnt rown r s sr to ook sn t n ook t lowr tmprtur, ompr to tt o ontrol smpl. T pstn proprts o unrmnt rmnt r vr snntly s t y 5% DMRT (Tl 3). Unrmnt smpl sow t st pk vsosty (283 P) nl vsosty (2853 P). As r ws sut to lonr sokn rmntn tm, pk vsosty nl vsosty rs. Pstn tmprtur ws support y str vsosty t. It n sn tt t r t str vsosty, t r t pstn tmprtur. Tortlly, rtrorton s ssot wt r mylos ontnt n str l systm. Wn t systm s ool, r-ssoton twn str moluls, splly mylos, ours to vrous rs 23. As mnton rlr out t t o myls on mylos ontnt, ruton trl ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Trtmnt trl ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Trtmnt Fur 4. Amylos ontnt o un-rmnt rmnt rown r. Not: tr = unrmnt rown r, trtmnt xprss s (1; 2) = sokn tm (1); rmntn tm (2). Drnt lttrs t snnt rn t α =.5. Tl 3. Pstn proprts o rown r or tr rmnton. Sokn Grmntn Pk vsosty Fnl vsosty Pstn tm () tm () (P) (P) tmprtur ( C) Unrmnt 283 ± ± ±.4 7 ± ± ± ±5. 95 ± ± ±3. 23 ± ± ± ± ±.7 9. ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4. 72 ±2. 95 ± ±1. 35 ± ± k ± 3.8 Drnt lttrs n t olumn t snnt rn t α =.5. o pst vsosty ours s rsult o str srton or xtrnton 5. Tl 4 sows tn qulty o rown r or tr rmnton. As stt rlr, α-myls tvty ltrs t ornl str struturs ln to lowr pstn proprts sortr ookn tm. T un-rmnt r rqurs t lonst ookn tm (19.2 mn) ompr to t rst o smpls. Tror, rom ts stuy, ltnzton tmprtur o rown r rn oul lowr y rmnton (Tl 4). Upon ookn, rmnt r snntly xp n wt. Howvr, s rmnt krnls nrs n sz urn rmnton, wn ook, ty sow lss wtr uptk volum xpnson ompr to tos o ontrol. Mrol lo o ook rown r or tr rmnton s sown n Tl 5. Mrol lo o unook r nrs s sokn rmntn tm nrs. Nvrtlss, totl vl Fur 5. Alkln sprn vlu. Lvl 3 Lvl 4 Lvl 5 Lvl 9. ± ± ± ± ±.1 2 Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl 28

5 Tl 4. Etn qulty o rown r or tr rmnton. Wtr uptk Sokn tm Grmntn tm Cookn tm Wt xpnson Lnt xpnson Volum xpnson () () (mn) (%) (%) ns % % Unrmnt ±1.7.9± ± ± ± ± ± ±.1.±. 19.±.1.5±.2.8± ± ± ± ± ±.3.1±.7 19.±.7 19.±..3±.1.± Tl 5. Mrol lo o unook ook rown r or tr rmnton. Bor ookn (u/) Atr ookn (u/) Grmntn Totl vl Ysts Totl vl Ysts tm () ount mols ount mols Unrmnt.4 x x x x x x 1 2 Sokn tm () = not tt. 9.5 x x x x x x x x 1 2 ount yst mol ount wr uttl tr ookn. Rsults o srptv nlyss o ook rown r y trn pnlsts r llustrt n F. It soul not tt two rmnt smpls (- -) wr xlu rom t snsory tst. Ts ws u to unpt pprn n w too lon (pprox. 5 mm) o mr rl o krnls ws notl. Rsults o r sok or sow tt rmnton u mrkly r swlln, osvnss, swtnss sotnss ntnsts n ook rown r, wrs l tst, stknss rsu n mout tr tn ntnsts wr lowr ompr to unrmnt smpl. T smlr trs wr osrv wn r ws sok or. T rltonsp twn sokn or rmntn tm proprty ns n rown r s lso llustrt y orrlton onts twn ts tors (Tl ). Postv onts mn t lonr t rmntn tm, t r t ns n t proprts n msur, wrs ntv onts mn nvrs rltonsp. T stron orrlton, tr ntv or postv, s t y strsks n w on two strsks rprsnt snnt orrlton t p.5 p.1, rsptvly. Ts work ts tt tr r postv snnt orrltons twn α-myls tvty, sz xpnson, l onsstny, lkln sprn vlu, osvnss, swtnss sotnss. On t otr, rnss, mylos ontnt, pstn proprts, ookn tm, % wtr uptk % volum xpnson sow snnt ntv orrlton wt rmntn tm. Rsu tr tn stknss sotnss swtnss Rsu tr tn stknss sotnss swtnss l tst olor (lt yllow) 8 Conlusons Mrk rns o pyso-ml proprts wr osrv tr r krnls v n rmnt. Ets o rmnton on ookn txturl proprts o ook r wr mor pronoun wn r ws sok rmnt or lonr pro. Wtr sor y krnls urn rmnton rsult n sz xpnson. In ton, α-myls plys n mportnt rol n ltrn t strutur o r krnls. Grmnt r s sr to ook rqurs lss ookn tm. Howvr, rom snsory pprn pont o vw, r n lt to rmnt up to. 4 2 swlln wt r oor Cosvnss rny smll urny smll ontrol ; ; ; ; l tst olor (lt yllow) swlln wt r oor Cosvnss rny smll urny smll ontrol ; ; ; ; () Fur. Snsory rsults o ook rown r or tr rmnton (: sokn tm r, : sokn tm ). () Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl 28 3

6 Tl. Corrlton onts twn rmntn tm proprty ns. Proprty Pyso-ml proprts Pstn proprts Etn qults Ftor Brt Lnt L/ B rto Prrp olor L* * * Hrnss Alp-myls 1 krnl wt Amylos ontnt Gl onsstny Alkln sprn vlu Pk vsosty Fnl vsosty Stk Pstn tmprtur Cookn tm % Wtr uptk % Volum xpnson % Wt xpnson % Lnt xpnson Prson s orrlton ont Sok Sok.941**.952**.923**.8** -.98** -.398** **.859** **.889**.85** -.991** -.948** -.999** -.83** -.82** -.981** -.954**.973**.899** Snsory vluton Color.95* Swlln.95 Cosvnss.94* Brny smll -.87 Burny smll -.94 Wt r oor Bl tst -.9 Swtnss.983* Sotnss.94* Stknss Rsu tr tn -.97 * snnt orrlton (p.5), ** snnt orrlton (p.1) **.87**.923** -.99**.95**.992** -.97** -.884** -.982** -.939** -.788** -.959** -.94**.793**.893**.5.928**.739* *.895* * Compr to ook rulr rown r, pnlsts rt ook rmnt r s n swtr, sotr, mor swll osv. Rsults rom ts stuy my us to promot rtr onsumpton o rown r. Aprt rom rt onsumpton, rmnt rown r my us n rnt orms su s lour or s n nrnt n rnt prouts su s snks. Prout vlopmnt n ply n mportnt rol n nrsn rown r utlzton. Aknowlmnt T utors ws to tnk t Tl Rsr Fu (TRF) t Commsson on Hr Euton or nnl support o ts work ur prot numr MRG Rrns 1 Bwly, J. D. Blk, M Pysoloy Bomstry o Ss n Rlton to Grmnton 2. Vlty, Dormny Envronmntl Control. Sprnr-Vrl, Brln. 2 Bwly, J. D S rmnton ormny. T Plnt Cll 9: Kyr, H. Tukr, M. 2. Surprsn Lv Grmnt Brown R (In Jpns). Soukukn- Squr Co., Tokyo. 4 Otsuo, K., Suzuk, K., Yusu, Y. Ksum, T. 25. Bo-untonl omponnts n t pross pr-rmnt rown r y twnsrw xtrur. Journl o Foo Composton Anlyss : Ikulol, V. C. Fskn, B. 25. T pyso-ml proprts o omplmntry t prpr rom vtl protns. Journl o Foo, Arultur Envronmnt 3(3&4):23-2. Yn, F., Bsu, T. K. Oorkul, B. 21. Stus on rmnton otons ntoxnt ontnts o wt rn. Intrntonl Journl o Foo Sn Nutrton 52(4): Frs, J., Mr, M. L., Dolo, R. Vl-Vlvr, C. 24. Et o rmnton rmntton on t ntoxnt vtmn ontnt ntoxnt pty o Lupnus lus L. vr. Multolup. Foo Cmstry 92(2): L, M. H., Httry, N.S., Mnw, R.W. Gnnsmm, R Pysoml Proprts o Clum ort r. Amrn Assoton o Crl Cmstry, In., pp Otyo, B. O., Osmul, F. Fskn, J. B. 21. Et o proln on pyso ml qults o two lol r vrts n Nr. Journl o Foo Tnoloy n Ar (4): Sn, N., Kur, L., Sn So, N. Sn Skon, K. 25. Pysoml, ookn txturl proprts o mll r rom rnt In r ultvrs. Foo Cmstry 89: Akrnyk, T. B., Plpn, K. B. Mullr, J. 25. Qulty n mss loss o py urn rtt stor n rro-mnt n n Sr Lnk. Journl o Stor Prouts Rsr 42: Gurl, H. S. Kumr, V. 23. Et o lrt n on t pysoml txturl proprts o rown mll r. Journl o Foo Ennrn 59(1-3): AOAC199. Ol Mto o Anlyss o AOAC Intrntonl. 15 t n. Arlnton, Vrn. 14 Julno, B. O A smpl ssy or mll r mylos. Crl Sn Toy 1: , 34, Won, D. W. S. Rortson, G. H. 23. α-amyls. In Wtkr, J. R., Vorn, A. G. T. Won, D. W. S. (s). Hook o Foo Enzymoloy. Mrl Dkkr, In., Nw York, pp Yu, Y. Wn, J. 27. Et o mm-ry rrton on str rnul strutur pysoml proprts o r. Journl o Foo Ennrn 4(2): AACC 2. Approv Mtos o Amrn Assoton o Crl Cmsts, 1 n. St. Pul, MN. Lwlss, H. T. Hymn, H Snsory Evluton o Foo: Prnpls Prts. Cpmn & Hll, Nw York. 819 p. 19 Sut, S. J., Rs Am, P. Rm Bt, P. 24. Pysoml proprts ookn qults o two vrts o rw prol r ultvt n ostl ron o Dksn Knn, I. Foo Cmstry 8: Murt, T., Akzw, T. Skko, F Enzym mnsm o str rkown n rmntn r ss. I. An nlytl stuy. Plnt Pysoloy 43: Julno, B. O. Psul, C. G Qulty rtrsts o mll r rown n rnt ountrs. IRRI Rsr Ppr Srs. No. 48. IRRI, T Plppns. 22 Lttl, R. R., Hlr, G. B. Dwson, E. H Drnt t o lut lkln on 25 vrts o mll wt r. Crl Cmstry 35: Lu, Q., Trn, R., Lyn, D. Skot, N. 27. Pysoml proprts o ry mttr str rom pottos rown n Cn. Foo Cmstry 5(3): Journl o Foo, Arultur & Envronmnt, Vol. (2), Aprl 28

5/1/2018. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees

5/1/2018. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees. Huffman Coding Trees /1/018 W usully no strns y ssnn -lnt os to ll rtrs n t lpt (or mpl, 8-t on n ASCII). Howvr, rnt rtrs our wt rnt rquns, w n sv mmory n ru trnsmttl tm y usn vrl-lnt non. T s to ssn sortr os to rtrs tt our