Chapter 5 Review. D. no function in changing O2 and CO2 levels

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1 Chapter 5 Review Multiple Chice 1. Organisms underg cnstant chemical changes as they maintain an internal balance knwn as A. interdependence B. synthesis C. hmestasis D. recmbinatin 2. What characteristic has evlved that helps t maintain hmestasis? A. taller bdies with larger cells B. shrter bdies with fewer cells C. multicellular bdies with many cells D. multicellular bdies with fewer cells 3. A system in dynamic equilibrium A. makes cnstant changes B. changes in intervals r steps C. changes very infrequently D. never changes at all 4. Intercellular fluid is made up mstly f A. bld C. mineral salts B. water D. cytplasm 5. Intercellular fluid is imprtant fr the exchange f materials between A. bdy cells and arteries B. bdy cells and veins C. veins and capillaries D. bdy cells and capillaries 6. As a result f exercise, CO2 levels increase in the A. bld nly B. intercellular fluid nly C. bld and intercellular fluid D. muscles nly 7. The brain sends a signal t increase the breathing rate when the CO2 level has A. nt changed fr a while B. decreased t much C. increased t much D. increased, then decreased 8. The increased breathing rate signaled by the brain serves A. t increase the CO2 level in the bdy B. t decrease the CO2 level in the bdy C. t decrease the O2 level in the bdy D. n functin in changing O2 and CO2 levels 9. The effectr fr adjusting CO2 levels in the bdy is the A. brain C. capillaries B. spine D. chest muscles 10. One change in the bdy results in anther change. This secnd change reverses the first change in rder t maintain hmestasis. This sequence describes a type f A. cntrl mechanism B. feedback cntrller C. feedback mechanism D. effectr mechanism 11. Why might a bld clt be imprtant t maintaining hmestasis? A. It slws the flw f bld thrugh the bdy. B. It prevents the lss f bld frm the bdy. C. It increases the amunt f water in the bld. D. It adds mre cells t the bld supply. Base yur WJS1ver t questin 12 n the data in the graph be lm\'. s::j 38 "- Q) 137~~~~~~~~~~]~~~g:~:asis E -- ~ -636 c 12 Time (hurs) 12. The graph shws evidence f disease in the human bdy. A disruptin in the dynamic equilibrium is indicated by the temperature change that ccurs between pints A. A and B C. C and D B. Band C D. E and F 13. Which hmestatic adjustment wuld the human bdy make in respnse t an increase in envirnmental temperatures? A. a decrease in glucse levels B. an increase in perspiratin C. a decrease in fat strage D. an increase in urine prductin Preparing fr the New Jersey Bilgy EOC Test

2 14. Chemical reactins within a cell usually take place A. ver extremely lng perids f time B. in a series f small steps C. all at nce in a single burst D. ver a perid f several days 15. When a persn's brain sends signals t the chest t increase the breathing rate after heavy exercise, it is an example f the bdy A. regulating its internal water balance B. maintaining a dynamic equilibrium C. disrupting its wn hmestasis D. increasing enzyme reactin rates Base yur answer t questin 16 n the figure belw, which represents a view f the underside (lwer surface) f a leaf 18. One reasn (besides size differences) that each plant lses a different amunt f water than the ther plants is that each has A. its particular guard cells that are adapted t maintain hmestasis B. the same number f chlrplasts but different rates f phtsynthesis C. different types f insulin-secreting cells that regulate water levels D. the same rate f phtsynthesis but different numbers f chlrplasts 19. The endcrine system maintains hmestasis by A. regulating physical crdinatin B. cntrlling the size f bld vessels C. sending nerve impulses t the brain D. releasing hrmnes int the bld 20. Hrmnes carry ut their wrk by A. replacing the nucleus f a cell B. breaking dwn the membrane f a cell C. binding t receptr prteins in a cell's membrane r cytplasm D. changing the shape f a cell and then becming part f the cell 16. What is ne main functin f the stmata and guard cells? A. t stre fd fr the cld seasn B. t help cntrl the lss f water C. t underg mittic cell divisin D. t give supprt t the leaf's veins 17. The changing shape f a leaf's guard cells helps t A. allw the plant t grw strnger B. prevent the plant frm lsing sap C. regulate the temperature f the plant D. maintain the plant's water balance Base yur answer t questin 18 n the table belw, which shws the rate f water lss in three different plants. Cactus Ptat plant Apple tree Liters f Water Lst Per Day 21. The endcrine system differs frm the nervus system in that the endcrine system A. prduces faster, shrt-term changes B. prduces slwer, lng-term changes C. perates in islated regins f the bdy D. prduces changes in the brain nly 22. Hrmnes and secretins f the nervus system are chemical messengers that A. stre genetic infrmatin B. extract energy frm nutrients C. carry ut the circulatin f materials D. crdinate system interactins 23. Which f the fllwing statements is true? A. Hrmnes are carried by the respiratry system. B. Hrmnes are prduced by the nervus system. C. Hrmnes are usually needed in small amunts. D. Hrmnes are usually needed in large amunts. 24. The bdy des nt prduce t much f mst hrmnes because A. the excretry system cntrls the amunt released Chapter 51 Hmestasis and Enzymes 71

3 B. feedback mechanisms cntrl the amunt released C. cells can stre any excess hrmnes they receive D. the bdy can prduce nly fixed amunts f each hrmne 25. Which statement describes a feedback mechanism invlving the human pancreas? A. The prductin f estrgen stimulates the frmatin f gametes fr sexual reprductin. B. The level f sugar in the bld is affected by the amunt f insulin in the bld. C. The level f xygen in the bld is related t heart rate. D. The prductin f urine allws fr excretin f cell waste. 26. The pancreas prduces ne hrmne that lwers bld sugar level and anther that increases bld sugar level. The interactin f these tw hrmnes mst directly helps humans t A. maintain a balanced internal envirnment B. dispse f wastes frmed in ther bdy rgans C. digest needed substances fr ther bdy rgans D. increase the rate f cellular cmmunicatin 27. What prcess is represented by the bxed sequence belw? Ingestin f starch Hbld Elevated sugar levels Secretin f Insulin increased Drp in bld sugar levels Secretin f Insulin decreased A. a feedback mechanism in multicellular rgamsms B. the differentiatin f rganic mlecules C. an immune respnse by cells f the pancreas D. the disruptin f cellular cmmunicatin 29. T carry ut its chemical reactins, each cell cntains A. ne specific type f enzyme fr the cell B. fewer than twenty different enzymes C. thusands f different kinds f enzymes D. thusands f cpies f the same enzyme 30. Hw d chemical reactins ccur at the relatively lw temperature fund within cells? A. Sme energy is destryed befre it heats up the cell. E. Sme energy is stred temprarily in ATP mlecules. C. Enzymes are used t slw (decrease) the rate f reactins. D. Enzymes are used t speed (increase) the rate f reactins. 31. Tw cnditins that must be kept cnstant in a cell in rder fr enzymes t wrk prperly are the A. ph level and xygen cntent B. surface area and temperature C. temperature and ph levels D. cell vlume and pressure 32. The equatin belw represents a chemical reactin that ccurs in humans. T supprt the hypthesis that enzyme C wrks best in a slightly basic envirnment, data shuld be cllected abut the ENZYMEC Substance X + Substance Y,.,..".,,,.,,.",jl> Substance W A. amin acid sequence f enzyme C B. shapes f mlecules X and Yafter the reactin ccurs C. amunt f substance W prduced at varius ph levels D. temperature f enzyme C befre and after the reactin Base yur answer t questin 33 n the diagrams belvv, which shw an enzyme and fur different mlecules. 28. A hrmne causes specific changes in a bdy when it A. delivers chemicals t nerve cells B. makes the bdy's fluids mre acidic C. arrives at its special target cells D. attacks.. invading harmful micrrgamsms Mlecules: (A) (B) Enzyme (C) (D) 72 Preparing fr the New Jersey Bilgy EOC Test

4 ~.3. The enzyme wuld mst likely affect reactins that invlve A. mlecule A nly B. mlecule Cnly e. mlecules Band D D. mlecules A and C 3-1. Which statement best describes the interactin between an enzyme and anther substance? A. a temprary assciatin in which the substance changes B. a temprary assciatin in which the enzyme changes e. the final prduct in a series f slw chemical reactins D. the pcket int which the enzyme and the substance fit Analysis and Open Ended ~5. Hw des being multicellular increase an rganism's ability t maintain hmestasis and survive? 36. Write a brief paragraph cmparing the life f a cell in yur bdy with that f an ameba in the sil. Why is it mre likely that the bdy cell will survive fr a lng time, but the ameba will nt? :Jefert the diagram belw t ans}ver questin Lymph Red bld cells T survive, an rganism must maintain the health f its cells. The nrmal internal envirnment f a human's cells wuld include a temperature f 37 e, a ph f 7, and a water/salt balance f 0.1 percent. 38. Which f the cells shwn abve wuld belng t smene wh is nt maintaining hmestasis? 39. List, and briefly describe the rles f, the three main parts f a feedback mechanism. 40. Use the diagram belw t explain hw feedback mechanisms help maintain hmestasis. 41. Briefly explain the way ur bdies adjust breathing rates in rder t maintain hmestasis. 40 U '2.-35 ~ I ::J r a; 0- E 30 ~ ~ I~/~~ tdt. Glulse Bldstream U Glu~se t Glu~se Stud)' the fll}ving graph t answer questins 42 and 43. Internal Lymph vessel 37. Use yur knwledge f bilgy and the diagram t explain why intercellular fluid (ref) is s imprtant fr hmestasis. 3ase yur answer t questin 38 n the ;7frmatin and diagrams belm!: A B c D Envirnmental Temperature ee) 42. The graph shws the effect f external (envirnmental) temperatures n a student's skin and internal temperatures. Which statement best describes what happens as the envirnmental temperature increases? A. The skin temperature increases, then decreases t 20 C. B. The internal temperature increases abruptly t abut 30 C. e. The skin temperature decreases, due t sweating, t 30 C. D. The skin temperature increases, then levels ff at abut 36 C. Chapter 5! Hmestasis and Enzymes 73

5 43. What is the difference between the effects f rising external temperatures n the student's internal temperature and skin temperature? Explain hw hmestasis is respnsible fr the effects seen in the graph. 44. In desert envirnments, rganisms that cannt maintain a cnstant internal bdy temperature, such as snakes and lizards, rarely g ut during the httest daylight hurs. Instead, they stay in the shade, under rcks, r in burrws. Explain hw this behavir helps these rganisms maintain hmestasis. 45. Describe hw plants maintain their water balance. Yur answer shuld include: (a) the structure that plants have t perfrm this functin; and (b) hw this structure wrks t maintain water balance. 46. In what way are the functins f the cntractile vacules f an ameba and the guard cells f a plant similar? 47. Identify the fur main rgan systems that are invlved in maintaining hmestasis. Briefly describe each f their rles in this prcess. Base )'ur ans.vers t questins 48 and 49 n the diagram belh~which represents an enzyme and fur t)pes f mlecules present within a slutin in afiask. Enzyme D A 48. Which mlecule wuld mst likely react with the enzyme? Why? 49. What wuld mst likely happen t the rate f reactin if the temperature f the slutin in the flask were increased gradually frm 10 C t 30 C? B Mlecules 50. Enzyme mlecules are affected by changes in cnditins within rganisms. Explain hw a lng-term, extremely high bdy temperature during an illness culd be fatal t a human. 51. Briefly explain why it is imprtant fr the cells f ur bdies t maintain a neutral ph. c D Reading Cmprehensin Base yur answers t questins 52 t 55 n the infrmatin belm\' and n yur knwledge f bilgy. Use ne r mre cmplete sentences t ansh'er each questin. I, In 2002, flight engineers Carl Walz and Dan Bursch set the recrd fr the lngest United States space flight, with 196 days in space as members f Expeditin 4 n the Internatinal Space Statin (ISS). Typically, ISS crews have six r seven members wh live n the statin fr 3 t 6 mnths. The crews live in a wrld f weightlessness-the statin has n up r dwn, s there are n real ceilings r flrs. While the ttal inside space f the statin is abut equal t that f a jumb jet, the individual spaces in which the astrnauts actually live and wrk are relatively small, each abut the size f a schl bus's interir. Crews sleep standing up r camping ut where they feel cmfrtable by attaching their sleep restraints t the wall with Velcr. Bimedical researchers are interested in studying the effects f weightlessness n humans. Being "weightless" is a brand-new challenge never experienced befre in the millins f years humans have lived n Earth. And yet, time and again, space travel has demnstrated the marvelus, and ften subtle, abilities f the human bdy t adapt. The bdy's reactins t weightlessness are teaching us a great deal abut its nrmal respnses t gravity. Astrnauts reprt that when they grab the wall f a spacecraft and mve their bdies back and frth, they feel as if they are staying in ne place and that the spacecraft is mving. Being free f gravity's effects makes us aware f new things. Humans have evlved many autmatic reactins t deal with 74 Preparing fr the New Jersey Bilgy EOC Test

6 the cnstant pressure f living in a dwnward-pulling wrld. Until we leave that wrld, we are usually nt aware f such reactins. These reactins include the use f signals fr.m ur eyes, frm the fluid-filled bes in.ur ears, fr.mpressure recept.rs n the b.ttm f ur feet, and frm the distributin fliquids in.urbl.d vessels. A sphisticated cntrl system has evlved t.keep gravity frm pulling all the liquid in ur bdy t..urlegs. Within minutes.f being in a weightless envir.nment, the veins in an astr.naut's neck begin t. bulge. e astrnaut's face begins t. fill ut and became puffy. In this situatin, the fluids n. an astrnaut's bdy are n.t being pulled dawn by gravity. The fluids spread hrughut the bdy. Because the b.dy seeks t.maintain hme.stasis, this new dis.tributinffluid causes ther changes in the bdy in rder t.cntr.l fluid m.vement. Included in these are changes in hrmne levels, kidney functin, and red bl.d cell prductin. Keeping bdy systems stable, even when external c.nditi.ns change-that is, aintaining a dynamic equilibrium-is as necessary fr life in space as it is n Earth. he unexpected result f "living" in space is a better understanding f hw the bdy wrks back here n Earth. 52. Describe three ways in which life n the ISS is very different frm everyday life n Earth. 53. Why are the effects f weightlessness n humans f interest t researchers? 54. Hw d the bdy's respnses t weightlessness help explain hmestasis? 55. Describe sme adaptatins f the bdy related t living in a w.rld with gravity. Chapter 5/Hmestasis and Enzymes 75