Effects of the Protein Level and Energy Concentration of Concentrated Diets on the Diets Digestibility of Sub2adult Giant Pandas

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1 , 2005, 25 () : Acta Theriologica Sinica, (,, ) (2,, 50040) (3,, ) : (2 2), 2 5 ( 5 ), : ( P < 005), ( P < 00), ( ) ; ( P < 005), ( P < 00), ( ), 2 ( P < 005) 4,, 5, 2 ( = 005) ( 5, = 00),,,, (CP2 GE2 CP 206 % GE 953 MJ/ kg) : ; ; ; ; : Q9584 : A : (2005) Effects of the Protein Level and Energy Concentration of Concentrated Diets on the Diets Digestibility of Sub2adult Giant Pandas YANG Chunhua,2 ZOU Xinghuai 2 3 ZHANG Guiquan 3 ( Institute of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, ) (2 The college of Wildlife Resources of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 50040) (3 The Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan, ) Abstract : The significance of the effects of the protein level ( Crude protein, CP) and energy concentration ( Gross energy, GE) of concentrated diets on the diets digestibility for two sub2adult giant pandas were studied by grouping according to two inter2 secting factors (2CP 2GE) The results indicated that the CP level of concentrated diets produced significant effect on the di2 gestibility of CP, hemi2cellulose and GE of the diests ( P < 005), and extremely significant effect on that of crude fat ( P < 00) (the correlation coefficients were 07830, 0768, 05504, 06723, respectively). The GE concentration produced significant effect on the digestibility of nitrogen free effusion (NFE), neutral detergent fibe (NDF) and GE of the diets ( P < 005), and extremely significant effect on that of crude fat ( P < 00) (the correlation coefficients were 05569, 06047, 05052, 074, respectively) The interacting effect of the two studied factors was significant on the digestibility of NFE, NDF and GE ( P < 005) For the digestibilities of crude fat, hemi2cellulose for Trial - 4 and crude fat, hemi2cellulose, NDF, cellulose and GE for Trial - 5, the linear regression of digestibility and the two assessed factors was significant ( = 005) (a2 mong them, for crude fat of Trial - 4 and crude fat and hemi2cellulose of Trial - 5, the regression was extremely significant ( = 00) By comparing every kind of digestibility of the diets (using LSR method) between different trials, the obvious con2 clusion could be drawn that Formula (CP 2 GE 2, ie CP 206 % GE 953 MJ/ kg) was the optimum formula, because all digestibilities of Trial, except for that of lignin, were the highest among the five trials Key words : Concentrated diet ; Protein level ; Energy concentration ; Sub2adult giant panda ; Digestibility : 97 : (972 - ),,, : ; : , correspondence author

2 64 25 ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 990), (CP),, ( ( GE) 2, 2, ) 4 (2 2) (, 2),, 3,, ( (, 996), )? ( Ellen et al., 995 ;?, 2002 ;, 997 ;?, 995 ;, 99),,,,, 3, 2 2, 4 ( : CP2, GE2 ; 2 : CP, GE2 ; 3 : CP, GE ; 4 : CP2, GE) ( 3), 4, 2, 2 d ( 4 d, 8 d) 5 ( 4, ) ( 2,, (, 99 ;, 990), 990) (,, 2 3 d Energy concentration ( GE) (2 2) Table Trial design (2 2) Protein level (CP) 2 a Treatment a ( 3 Diet 3) b Treatment b ( 4 Diet 4) 2 c Treatment ( 2 Diet 2) d Treatment d ( Diet ) 2 Table 2 Factors and Levels Factor Level ( %) the CP levels of concentrated diets ( %) (MJ/ kg) the GE concentration of concentrated diets (MJ/ kg) ,, :,.

3 : (DM ) ( %) Table 3 The formula and nutritional levels of four trials and one traditional concentrated diets (on DM Base) Raw materials Concentrated diet ( ) Traditional Soybean Corn Rice Sugar Bamboo powder Egg Milk powder CaCO CaH 2 PO NaCl Total (CP) ( %) ( GE) (MJ/ kg) The nutritional level values were obtained by actually measuring, 5, ( 2 h, 6 h, 24 h), ) 4,, 22 8 d (CP) ( GE), 40,,, g 6 5 Van Soest ( ) 222 (Van et al., 963, 967 ; 222, 979 ;, 993) 7 5 ( n = 0) 2 Excel ( ( ), 985) ( ) 3, ( ( n = 8) 6

4 ( %) Table 4 The DM digestibility, nutritional components digestibility and gross energy of the five diets for the giant pandas attending the trials Name of Giant Pandas Trial Dry matter Crude protein Crude fat NFE NDF Hemi2cellulose Cellulose Lignin Gross energy gx ; s (s = n - 62 (x i - gx) 2 ) i = gx stands for the average digestibility of the two giant pandas ; s stands for the standard deviation of the two pandas digestibilities ( s = n - 62 i = (x i - gx) 2 )

5 : 67 5 (CP) ( GE) Table 5 The effects of protein level (CP) and energy concentration ( GE) of the concentrated diets on the diets digestibility for sub2adult giant pandas GE (MJ/ kg) CP ( %) GE gx GE Factor P F Sig A GE Dry matter A CP CP gx CP M M GE CP A GE Crude protein A CP CP gx CP M N GE CP A GE Crude fat b CP CP gx CP M n GE CP A GE NFE B CP CP gx CP M M GE CP A GE NDF B CP CP gx CP M M GE CP A GE Hemi2cellulose A CP CP gx CP M N GE CP A GE Cellulose A CP CP gx CP M M GE CP A GE Lignin A C P CP gx CP M M GE CP A GE GE B CP CP gx CP M N GE CP : P > 005, = 005 ; 3 : P < 005, = 005 ; 3 3 : P < 00, = 00 GE gx GE CP gx CP, ( P > 005, = 005), ( P < 005, = 005), ( P < 00, = 00) As far as digestibilities between different GE or different CP were concerned, those with the same superscript proved to have no significant difference ( P > 005, = 005), those with different letter but same case superscript for example, both had lower case proved to have significant difference ( P < 005, = 005), and those with both different letter and different case superscripts had extremely significant difference ( P < 00, = 00)

6 ( y) ( x ) ( x 2 ) ; y x x 2 Table 6 The corelation coefficients between diet digestibility ( y) and protein level of the concentrated diet (CP) ( x ) and those between diet digestibility ( y) and energy concentration of the concentrated Diet ( GE) ( x 2 ), the complex correlation coefficients of y, x, and x 2, and all correlating degrees 4 Trial - 4 r 0 r 02 t 0 Degree t 02 Degree R R 005 (2,5) R 00 (2,5) Degreet 5 Trial - 5 r 0 r 02 t 0 Degree t 02 Degree R R 005 (2,7) R 00 (2,7) 0438 M M S 0433 M S S DM S M S S M S CP S 074 S S M S S Cfat W M M W M 0602 M NFE M M S 0407 M S S NDF S 0453 M S S M S Hemi - C S W S S 0465 M S Cellulose S W S M W M Lignin M M 073 S 052 M M S GE Degreet r 0 r 02 ( y) ( x ) ( y) ( x 2 ),R ; t t t (n - k - ),. t 005 (5) = 257, t 00 (5) = 4032, t 005 (7) = 2365, t 00 (7) = 3499 ; x x 2 ( r 2 ), 4 :0037( t 2 = 0233) ; 5 :0559( t 2 = 0476) ; R R R (n - k - ),, y x x 2 ; 3 ( P < 005, = 005), 3 3 ( P < 00, = 00) ; S ; M ; W r 0 stands for the correlation coefficient between digestibility( y) and CP level of the concentrated diet ( x ),while r 02 for that between digestibility( y) and GE concentration of the concentrated diet ( x 2 ) R for complex correlation coefficient ; if t t (n - k - ),then the correspondent correlation is signifi2 cant Critical values : t 005 (5) = 257, t 00 (5) = 4032, t 005 (7) = 2365, t 00 (7) = 3499 ; r 2 (correlation coefficient between x and x 2 ) (for Trial - 4,it is 0037, t 2 = 0233 ;for Trial - 5,it is 0559, t 2 = 0476) is not listed ; if R R (n - k - ),the complex correlationis significant, as for the superscript, 3 : P < 005, = 005 ; 3 3 : P < 00, = 00 ; in the correlation degree column,s:strong correlation, M:moderate correlation, W: weak correlation 6, 4, (079 (0783 0) 5) (0708) (076 8) ( = 005) ;, ( = 005) ; ( (074 ), ( = ) ( = 005) ; 005) ; (0848 8) ( ) ( = 005), (0952 7) ( = 00) ( = 00) 5,, (075 3) (0690 5) ( = 005) ; 2222 ( )

7 : 69, ( y) ( x ) ( x 2 ) 7 ( : R 6) 7 ( y) ( x ) ( x 2 ) Table 7 Two - factor (CP ( x ) and GE ( x 2 ) of concentrated diets) linear regressive analysis of the digestibility ( y) (including linear regressive equation and linear regression significance) 4 Trial Trial - 5 Item F Fcrit Fcrit - 00 t t 2 t 005 t 00 Two - factor linear regression equation Significance ^y = x x Dry matter ^y = x x ^y = x x Crude protein ^y = x x ^y = x x Crude fat ^y = x x ^y = x x NFE ^y = x x ^y = x x NDF ^y = x + 44 x ^y = x x Hemi2cellulose ^y = x x ^y = x x Cellulose ^y = x x ^y = x x Lignin ^y = x x ^y = x x Gross energy ^y = x x , 4, 5 ;, : P > 005, = 005 ; 3 : P < 005, = 005 ; 3 3 : P < 00, = 00 ; t 3 ( = 005) ; 3 3 ( = 00) ; ( = 005) For the same item, the data in the first line come from Trial - 4, while those in the second line from Trial - 5 ; in the linear regression significance column, : P > 005, = 005, 3 : P < 005, = 005, 3 3 : P < 00, = 00 ; if the value of statistic t has the superscript 3 then the correspondent regression coefficient is significant ( = 005) ; similarly, 3 3 stands for extremely significant ( = 00,) ; and if the value of t has no superscript, then the correspondent is not significant ( = 005) 7, 4,, 5, ( = 005) (, = 00) ( = 005) (,, 5 5, = 00), 4 CP 223 4, 5 (LSR ) ( = 005) (, 5, = 00) GE 8 4, 5 8,

8 70 25,, P > 005),,, ( ) (CP2 GE2) 4 ( 4 DM 8 5 Table 8 Comparisons of digestibilities between different trials GE CP Cfat NFE Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility 4895 a 4878 a 5097 a 97 a 7425 a b B a bc ac b B a bc ac b B a De bce B B a De Bde NDF hemi2c Cellulose Lignin Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility Trial Digestibility 3488 a 4760 a 2560 a 3 52 a Bb b ac a B B ac a B B 3 96 ac 322 a 5 27 B B bc 4 32 a, ;, ;, : ( x i - x j < LSR 005 ) ;, : ( x i - x j > LSR 005 ) ;, : ( x i - x j > LSR 00 ) When a digestibility with a single superscript is compared with a digestibility with a double or triple superscript, only the first letter is necessary for com2 paration When a digestibility with a double superscript is compared with another double2letter superscript digestibility, or with a triple2letter superscript digestibil2 ity, only the second letter is necessary for comparation. With two triple2letter superscript digestibilities, only comparison of the third letter is needed Di2 gestibilities with the same superscript (letter and case) proved to have no significant difference ( x i - x j < LSR 005 ). Those with different compared letter but case superscript proved to have significant difference ( x i - x j > LSR 005 ). Those where recompared superscript is a different letter and different case proved to have extremely significant difference ( x i - x j > LSR 00 ) 3 :,, 8 d ; (, 99 ; ( ),, 990), ;, ;,,,, ( 2 ), 2 2 ; ( (2CP 2GE), ) ; ;,, : ( ) ; (2 ) ; 2 2, 3 4 5, 5, 2, 3 4 5,,,, ;, 2 3 4

9 : 7, 2, ,, (,, ),,,,,, 5,, 5,, 4,, ( 5) ;, 5, ( 6),,,, 2,,,,, ( = 005),,,, ( = (005),, 996 ;, 983),, ( ), 20 80,,,,,,,, (, 994),, 40 % 50 %,,,, (, 99, ),, 80 3, 4,, 80,, 20 %, (, 2000) ( P < 00) ( r =, ) ; ( ), ( P < 005), / ( r ),, 033, ( P < 00) ( r = 074 ) ; ; , ; 066, ( ( P < 005),, 2002) ( P < 00) ;, ( P > 005), ( 6) 4, 5 6, t ( ),, ( = 005) (, 4 5 t ( = 005),,, 4 ( P < 005) ( r = ), ( = 00)

10 72 25, (CP2 GE2, CP 206 GE 953 MJ/ kg),,, / :,,, 43-47, : Ellen S D, Qiu X M, Susan A M, Liu W X 995 Giant panda diets fed in Five Chinese Facilities : An Assessment Zoo Biology, 4 : Van Soest P 963 Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds A rapid method for the determination of cellulose and ligninj of the Associ2 ation of Official Analytical Chemist, 46 : Van Soest P, Wine R 967 Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds Determination of plant cell wall constituentsj of the Associa2 tion of Official analytical Chemists, 50 : :, 2002, 40 : 74, 22 () : 7-73, 985, :, :, 06, 983, () : :, 9-24 ; 37-52, 996, (4) : 6-63,,,,,,, 997 : 97 : 990 :, :, 9-4 ; :, 3,,, 2000, 9 () : 35-38,,, 995 :, 68-72,,, 99 :, , 994 :