Biochemistry. The Chemistry of Life

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1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

2 Biochemistry The life processes (Chapter 1) are chemical in nature. Chemical reactions occur in life. Living things are made of chemical compounds.

3 The Atom- The Basic Unit of Matter Atom= smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element Contain subatomic particles: Protons= + charge (p+) Neutrons= 0 charge (n) Electrons= - charge (e-) When protons and electrons are in equal numbers, the atoms are neutral

4 Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the atom. Electrons surround the nucleus.

5 Elements, Molecules, and Compounds An element is a substance made entirely of 1 type of atom. Ex: C, H, N, O, S Molecule/Compound- Combination of 2 or more atoms. Ex: H20

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7 Not in notes.just review Atomic Number= number of protons Atomic Mass= total of protons and neutrons (since atoms are neutral, # of protons = # of electrons) Isotopes- varieties of an element that differ only in the # of neutrons. All have the same # protons Ex: Isotopes of Oxygen- Oxygen 16, Oxygen 17, Oxygen 18 (number indicates mass)

8 Isotopes of Helium and Hydrogen (Different # neutrons)

9 Not in notes.just review Chemical Bonding 1. Covalent Bonding- Ex: HCl, H20, CO2 when 2 atoms bond by sharing e- Or, when atoms of the same element share e-, it s known as a diatomic molecule Ex: H2, N2 (most of these are gases)

10 Not in notes.just review 2. Ionic Bonding-involves transfer of e- s between atoms. Creates atoms that are charged electrically due to the loss (+) or gain (-) of electrons. Ex: NaCl- where Na gives e- to Cl Organic Chemistry song Youtube biochem song 2015

11 Chemical Formulas 1. Molecular Formula- 2. Structural Formula- describes the # and type of atoms in a compound: H2O, CH4 shows the #, type, and arrangement of atoms in a compound Water

12 Not in notes.just review Isomers Same molecular formula, but atoms are arranged differently (different structural formula) Ex: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose All are C6H12O6, but all have different arrangements/structures

13 Functional Groups Groups of atoms added to a molecule that give the molecule certain properties.

14 Chemical Compounds in Living Things Inorganic no C-H bonds Salts Acids Bases Water all living things need water to survive approx. 65% of body is water water is involved in all life processes (ex: digestion) Organic Contain C-H bonds Part of or product of a living thing 4 Groups: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids (in DNA/RNA)

15 Synthesis and Digestion of Organic Compounds 1. Synthesis - to make a carb, lipid, or protein by combining certain elements Water must be removed Called Dehydration Synthesis (DS) Small + Small Large + Water Molecule Molecule Molecule Dehydration Synthesis

16 2. Digestion Carbs, lipids, and proteins also need to be broken down into smaller pieces so that our cells can utilize them Water must be added (exact opposite process of DS!) Called hydrolysis (to lyse= to cut) using water Large + Water Small + Small Molecule Molecule Molecule Hydrolysis

17 The 3 Organic Nutrients: 1. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) Contain C, H, O H:O = 2:1 Building blocks are monosaccharides (simple sugar) 1 sugar= monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, ribose) 2 sugars= disaccharide (maltose, sucrose) More than 2 sugars= polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin) cell walls animal liver insect exoskeleton

18 Chitinous spiders!!

19 Carbohydrate structure = ring Names of sugars end in -ose Mono - + Mono- D.S. disaccharide + H 2 O saccharide saccharide hydrolysis

20 Bug clip

21 More than 2 monosaccharides joined together form a polysaccharide, generically known as a polymer (large molecules consisting of repeating units). Functions: energy source, component of cell structures (cell wall, membrane) Indicators used to test for presence of carbs Benedict s (glucose indicator solution) turns orange after heat- for simple/monosaccharides Lugol s Iodine (starch indicator solution) turns blackfor polysaccharides/starch

22 2. Lipids (Fats, Oils, & Waxes) Contain C, H, O (less O than in carbs) Building blocks are 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol

23 Unsaturated fats have double or triple C=C bonds. Saturated fats have single C-C bonds. D.S. 1 glycerol + 3 fatty 1 fat + 3 H 2 O Hydrolysis acids Molecule

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27 Functions: Stored energy Components of cell structures (membrane) Insulation Cushioning Indicator Used: Brown Paper- Turns translucent in presence of lipids

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29 3. Proteins Contain C, H, O, N, S (sometimes) Building blocks = amino acids H

30 There are 20 amino acids in nature. Peptide bonds: The C-N bond between 2 amino acids Dipeptide= 2 amino acids Polypeptide= more than 2 amino acids

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33 Examples: Functions: Components of cell structures (membranes) Build body tissues (blood, muscle, insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies, hair, nails, cartilage). Indicator Used: meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts Biuret s Reagent, turns light purple Proteins are considered to be the machinery of life. They are found throughout living organisms. A characteristic shared by all proteins is that their function is determined by the shape of the protein molecule.

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36 Halloween Jello

37 Comparison Chart for Organic Nutrients Examples Uses Elements Building Blocks Indicator/Test Test Result Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Sugar (candy) Fats Waxes Beans Eggs Starch (rice) Oils Butter Meats Fish Energy Stored energy Make up cell Make up cell Make up cell membranes structures structures Enzymes, insulin, Insulates, muscle, protects, cushions hemoglobin C, H, O C, H, O C, H, O,N monosaccharides, simple sugars, glucose Sugar- Benedict s Starch- Lugol s Iodine Sugar- Orange Starch- Black 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids Brown Paper Translucent spot Amino acids (20 different) Biuret Pink/Purple

38 Enzymes Protein catalysts that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions (DS and hydrolysis) that occur in living cells. Each chemical reaction requires a specific enzyme!

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40 Enzyme Structure Large complex proteins Names usually end in -ase. May contain a non-protein portion called a coenzyme. Vitamins are coenzymes. They are usually larger than the substance (substrate) they act on. The part of the enzyme that carries out the activity/ binds with the substrate is called the active site.

41 Enzyme-Substrate Complex Close physical association No chemical bonding After reaction (DS, hydrolysis) is done, enzyme and substrate separate Enzyme is unchanged during the reaction and is reused in future reactions

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43 Lock & Key Model An enzyme will only fit a specific substrate (enzyme specificity).

44 Induced Fit Model Newer theory that suggests enzymes are not rigid structures, rather they may change shape slightly to conform to the shape of the substrate (like a sock on your foot). Enzyme video

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46 Factors Affecting Enzyme Action 1. Temperature Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme action increases. However, at very high temperature, the shape of the enzyme is altered ( melts ) and is no longer effective = denaturation In humans, denaturation occurs near 40 C (104 F).

47 The effect of temperature on enzyme activity Optimum (best) temperature in humans for enzymes is around 37 C.

48 2. Amount of Enzyme & Substrate The amount of available substrate molecules affects enzyme action: When an excess of substrate is added to a fixed amount of enzyme, the rate of enzyme action increases to a point, then remains fixed/plateaus.

49 3. ph- Hydrogen ion concentration Scale 1-14 ph 7= neutral ph<7= acid ph>7= base Optimum ph= ph that an enzyme works best at (optimum ph in stomach is 2, in large intestine is 9).

50 Effect of ph on Enzyme Action

51 ph Scale

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