Observationally Closing the Arctic Atmosphere-Surface Energy Budget (SEB) Subtext 1: Can it be done? Subtext 2: The Science of Observations
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1 Observationally Closing the Arctic Atmosphere-Surface Energy Budget (SEB) Subtext 1: Can it be done? Subtext 2: The Science of Observations Taneil U)al, NOAA Andrey Grachev, CIRES Christopher C0x, CIRES Sara Crepinsek, CIRES Elena Konopleva-Akish, STC Ola Persson, CIRES
2 Why the SEB is important:
3 u, v, w, T, RH, CO2 Atmosphere SW + LW Latent Heat Flux (Hl) Heat change because of a change of state at a constant temperature (liquid to ice freezing) Sensible Heat Flux (Hs) Heat transfer by conducion (heat transfer) because of ΔT SW + LW CO2 Flux Flux Plate VegetaIon ConducIve heat Flux Snow AcIve Layer Permafrost
4 Datagrams
5 (SW net + LW net ) + (Q s + Q l ) + G = R (residual) RadiaIon Fluxes + Turbulent Fluxes + Ground Flux
6 Measured Working on it Need addiional obs Measuring the ArcIc Atmosphere- Surface Energy Balance SW + LW + <Q s + Q l > μ +S RFD + <Q s +Q l > M +? G +S G + SW + LW + S P + S C + S S = 0 SW = Short Wave LW = Long Wave Q = Turbulent Fluxes Subscripts: s= sensible heat l = latent heat µ = microscale M = mesoscale G = Soil S = Storage Terms Subscripts: RFD = RadiaIve Flux Divergence G = Soil P = Photosynthesis C = Canopy temp S = Snow = cooling = warming
7 Q G = G +S G Ground Flux Q G = λ s ΔT/Δz C s ΔT/Δt Δz 1. Flux Plate instruments Q G =G C s ( T 05 n+1 T 05 n 1 + T sfc n+1 T sfc n 1 / 2( t n+1 t n 1 ) ) ( z 05 z sfc ) Direct Flux Storage Term Issue: Accurate measurements of C s (soil heat capacity) and λ s (soil conductivity) Ground Flux Conductive Flux Storage Term 2. Thermistor instruments Q G = λ s ( T 05 n T 15 n / z 05 z 15 ) C s ( T 10 n+1 T 10 n 1 + T 05 n+1 T 05 n 1 + T sfc n+1 T sfc n 1 / 3( t n+1 t n 1 ) )( z 10 z sfc ) Direct Storage Flux Term Surface skin temp Storage Term: accounting for any stored energy in layer 5 cm temp near surface layer ablove highest T measuremet 10 cm temp 15 cm temp Conductive Flux: temperature gradient measurements Soil Constants: soil thermal conductivity, soil heat capacity
8 Calcula?ons with eddy covariance methods τ = ρ < wu ' ' > H = ρc < w' θ' > S Q s + Q l (µ) (M) H = ρl< w' q' > P L Double axis rotaion for sonic anemometer Ilt correcion Linear detrending of raw Ime series (Kaimal and Finnigan, 1994) CompensaIon for air density fluctuaions (Webb et al., 1980) StaIsIcal tests for raw Ime series data (Vickers and Mahrt, 1997) Spike count/removal (Mauder et al., 2013) Amplitude resoluion Dropouts Absolute limits Skewness and kurtosis Angle of a)ack Steadiness of horizontal wind Issue: ConInuity of methodology and large scale advecion fluxes Turbulent Fluxes Es?mates with gradient and bulk methods τ = ρk ( u/ z) H M = ρc K ( θ / z) S P H H = ρlk ( q/ z) L where according to Monin - Obukhov Similarity Theory K = ku ( z d)/ φ ( ζ) M * K = ku ( z d)/ φ ( ζ) H * K = ku ( z d)/ φ ( ζ) W * W Fluxes are driven by gradients in u, T, and q Fluxes are proporional to fricion velocity These are simply definiions of KM, KH, KW Ohm s Law combined with Similarity m h w
9 SW + LW + SW + LW Radiation Fluxes SWD (K-Z CM22), DIFFUSE (Eppley PSP), DIRECT (Eppley (NIP), SWU (Eppley PSP), LWD/LWU (Eppley PIR) Quality Control - QCRAD (Long and Shi 2008) CALIBRATION Uses fluxes, 2m temperature, 2m RH (common to all BSRN staions). Primary assumpion is that most of the data is good. Physically possible limits, climatological configurable limits based on relaionships between variables. Applies correcion for IR loss in shortwave measurements (Shi and Long 2007) SWD is combinaion of DIR+DIFF ( SUM ) and GLOBAL: SUM whenever available. Uwelling Issues: quality control, calibraion and icing ICING
10 S P + S C Vegetation Fluxes and Storage How much energy is stored by photosynthesis? 479 kj of energy is stored per mole of CO 2 fixed into photosyntheic products. For example, a canopy assimilaion rate of 10 [\mu mol/m^2 s] equates to energy flux of 4.79 ~ 5 [W/m^2]. The photosynthesis storage term (as well as the storage term because of changes in leaf temperature) is relaively small but important for understanding impacts of the changing climate on the ecosystem. (Nobel P.S. (1991) "Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology" (Chapter 7.1, page 321) Issue: need be)er integraion with ecosystem colleagues
11 S S Snow Fluxes and Storage Storage through freeze/melt processes Snow chemistry as a source sink of CO2 Fluxes Issue: need be)er integraion with snow physicists
12 Issue: Horizontal inhomogeneity local and regional
13 Specialist: Ground Flux and Storage
14 Specialist: TurbulenceTerms
15 Specialist: RadiaIon Terms Net Radiation Budget, Tiksi Net All Wave Net Longwave Net Shortwave Spring Melt Net Warming Net Cooling
16 SUMMARY Models without observaions are video games Kathy Sullivan (Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans & Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator) Town Hall MeeIng in Boulder Colorado You only really measure voltages and resistances therefore observaions are just models Robin Webb (Director NOAA/Physical Science Division) when I quoted Kathy Sullivan to him in the hallway
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