Local Meteorology. Changes In Geometry

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1 Energy Balance

2 Climate Local Meteorology Surface Mass And Energy Exchange Net Mass Balance Dynamic Response Effect on Landscape Changes In Geometry Water Flow

3 Climate Local Meteorology Surface Mass And Energy Exchange Net Mass Balance Dynamic Response Effect on Landscape Changes In Geometry Water Flow

4 Accumulation - Ablation = Mass Change Calving Wind Erosion Sublimation Melt

5 Mass Balance IN OUT Mass Analogy for heat balance

6 Surface Energy Balance Radiation Turbulent (wind) exchange Mass Conduction

7 Surface Energy Balance Radiation Mass Shortwave Longwave

8 Surface Energy Balance Turbulent (wind) exchange 1. Sensible Heat Mass 2. Latent Heat

9 FLUXES: ATMOSPHERE - GLACIER 0 = S (1 ) + L - L + Q H + Q L + Q m S a L L Q H Q L Q m short-wave incoming radiation flux albedo of the surface long-wave incoming radiation flux long-wave outgoing radiation flux sensible heat flux latent heat flux phase change Greuell, 2003

10 Short Wave Radiation S ( 1 α ).net shortwave radiation S α short-wave incoming radiation flux albedo of the surface

11 Antarctic Snow ~ 0.8

12 Clean Ice ~ 0.5

13 DIRTY ICE ~ 0.2 Pasterzeglet

14 Midtalsbreen 2009

15 Long Wave Radiation L - L L L long-wave incoming radiation flux long-wave outgoing radiation flux

16 SHORT- AND LONG-WAVE RADIATION 1 Black body radiation Q = T 4 Normalized irradiance T = 5780 K sun T = 290 K Earth Q flux (irradiance) Stefan Boltzmann constant ( W m -2 K -4 ) temperature Q = ε T Wavelength (µm) ε emmisivity Greuell, 2003

17 TURBULENT FLUXES Q H + Q L Vertical transport of properties of the air by eddies Turbulence is generated by wind shear (du/dz) Turbulent fluxes increase with wind speed Heat: sensible heat flux, Q H Water vapor: latent heat flux, Q L Greuell, 2003

18 SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (Q H ) Q H a C pa ln z z 0 2 mz L ob u T T s ln z hz z T calculated with the bulk method L ob a C pa air density specific heat capacity of air k von Karman constant u wind speed T air temperature at height z T s surface temperature z 0 momentum roughness length z T roughness length for temperature m, h constants L ob Monin-Obukhov length (depends on u and T-T s ) z Greuell, 2003

19 LATENT HEAT FLUX (Q L ) Q L a L s 2 u q q s ln z z m ln z z 0 L ob z q calculated with the bulk method h z L ob a L s air density latent heat of sublimation k von Karman constant u wind speed q specific humidity at height z q s surface specific humidity z 0 roughness length for velocity z q roughness length for water vapor m, h constants L ob Monin-Obukhov length (depends on u and T-T s ) Greuell, 2003

20 measure short-wave radiation with a pyranometer (glass dome) INSTRUMENTS measure sensible heat flux with a sonic anemometer measure long-wave radiation with a pyrgeometer (silicon dome) Greuell, 2003

21

22 ZERO-DEGREE ASSUMPTION Assumption: surface temperature = 0 C Leads to: Q 0 > 0: Q 0 is consumed in melting Q 0 0: nothing occurs Assumption okay when melting conditions are frequent Not okay when positive Q 0 causes heating of the snow (spring, early morning, higher elevation)

23 1000 Diurnal Variation site on glacier ice in summer 800 short wave in Energy flux (W/m 2 ) sensible heat long wave in latent heat -200 long wave out short wave out Time Greuell, 2003

24 NET FLUXES Energy flux (W/m 2 ) net short wave sensible heat latent heat net long wave Time

25 R = net radiation S = sensible heat L = latent heat G = ground heat flux M = melt POSTIVE FLUX IS TOWARDS THE SURFACE

26 ENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher Energy flux in W/m net shortwave net longwave sensible heat latent heat 0-50 A m =0.21 T=6.8ÞC U m =0.29 T=6.4ÞC U m =0.25 T=7.1ÞC U m =0.59 T=3.5ÞC U m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC o C o C o C o C o C Greuell, 2003

27 Effect of Solar Radiation Google Maps Rueters

28 Effect of Solar Radiation 200 Stream flow 200 Stream flow Discharge (l/s) 100 Discharge (l/s) Anderson Stream 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 0 Canada Stream 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 N W E S Bomblies (2000) Jan 2, 1994

29 Effect of Solar Radiation, Turbulent Exchange Dec-Jan Ablation 27.4 cm Sublimation 1.8 cm Melt 25.7 cm Ablation 5.2 cm Sublimation 3.5 cm Melt 1.7 cm Cliff area accounts for 2% of the ablation zone. But cliff melt accounts for 15-20% of the runoff Lewis et al. (1999)

30 Effect of Solar Radiation, Turbulent Exchange 1.5m Penitentes are the name of the caps of the nazarenos; literally Neve Penitentes Upper Rio Blanco, Argentina Photo: Arvaki those doing penance for their sins. Photo: Sanbec Wikipedia Wikipedia Mount Rainier Notice the tilt angle 0.5 m tall. person Photo: Mark Sanderson Wikipedia

31 Statistical Model 1 of 2 DEGREE-DAY METHOD M = T pdd M: melt : degree-day factor [mm day -1 K -1 ] T pdd : sum of positive daily mean temperatures Why does it work: - net long-wave radiative flux, and sensible and latent heat flux ~ proportional to T - feedback between mass balance and albedo Advantages: - computationally cheap - input: only temperature needed Disadvantages: - more tuning to local conditions needed: e.g. b depends on mean solar zenith angle - only sensitivity to temperature can be calculated

32 Statistical Model 2 of 2 REGRESSION MODELS M n = c 0 + c 1 T s + c 2 P w M n : c i : T s : P w : mean specific mass balance coefficients determined by regression analysis Annual mean summer temperature Winter Precipitation

33 End

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