Measuring Carbon Using Micrometeorological Methods
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1 Measuring Carbon Using Micrometeorological Methods
2 Theory
3 Theory Sink = Vertical Transport + Change in Horizontal Transport + Change in Storage + Diffusion Storage within walls Diffusion across walls Transport across walls Sink
4 Theory Sink = Vertical Transport + Change in Horizontal Transport + Change in Storage + Diffusion Storage within walls Transport across walls Sink
5 Horizontal Homogeneity Horizontally inhomogeneous Horizontal homogeneity
6 Theory Sink = Vertical Transport + Change in Horizontal Transport + Change in Storage + Diffusion Vertical Transport Storage within walls Sink
7 No Mean Vertical Flow
8 Eddy concept Low Temperature High CO2 Eddy carries Heat up Eddy carries CO2 down High Temperature Low CO2
9 Eddy concept
10 Eddy covariance Method = +2 Must sample at about 20 times per second to identify the smallest eddies
11 Eddy covariance Method w = = 0 c = = +4 w c = = -2 wc = ( w + w ) c + c ( )= w c
12 Spectra Log-log scale More vertical transport Less vertical transport Big eddies (10,000 x) Small eddies
13 Tools
14 Plumes of CO2
15 Flux Footprint Surface has unequal effect on what sensors see Footprint size varies with atmospheric conditions sensors wind Probability of sampling 50 m 300 m
16 Flux Measurement Errors Sensor Calibration Inhomogeneity - nonstationarity Vertical advection component Frequency response
17 Sensor Calibration signal signal volts Sensor bias errors do not affect fluxes volts Flux errors proportional to sensor gain
18 Inhomogeneity - nonstationarity Spatial Topographic Temporal
19 Vertical advection component Coordinate Rotation Density Changes (Webb,Pearman, Leuning) P + T
20 Frequency response Area under curve is equivalent to flux Under sampling of large eddies Averaging of small eddies
21 Other Variations Gradient Budget Box Spatial Average
22 Gradient Sink = Vertical Transport + Change in Storage Assumptions are the same but method of measuring vertical transport is different Storage within walls Vertical Transport Sink
23 Gradient High CO 2 Current = Voltage Resistance Flux = CO2 K Flow = Water Height Rocks Low CO 2 Only requires mean difference in CO 2 - Fast response not required
24 Budget Box version 1 Measure horizontal advection only Need wind and scalar at all heights - on both sides of box No flow through top of box allowed Limited extent of source
25 Budget Box version 2 Measure storage only Time 2 Time 1 Need to know average concentration in box Need to know height of box No flow through top of box allowed Assumed infinite extent of source
26 Spatial Average - Scintillometry Measures distortion of light caused by eddy density Measures heat fluxes and momentum Makes atmospheric structure assumptions (spectra)
27 Spatial Average - Aircraft Measures spatial average of eddies Spatial homogeneity difficult to obtain (good/bad) Limited to relatively flat terrain - for safety reasons Limited temporal coverage Difficult to remove aircraft motions from wind
28 Reading List Dennis D. Baldocchi, Bruce B. Hincks, Tilden P. Meyers Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges of Biologically Related Gases with Micrometeorological Methods. Ecology: (1988) Vol. 69, No. 5, pp Aubinet et al. Estimates of Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests: The EUROFLUX Methodology Adv.Ecol.Res.2000 vol. 30 pp P.L Fuehrer, C.A Friehe Flux corrections revisited Bound.-Layer Meteorol vol. 102 (3) pp J.J Finnigan The storage term in eddy flux calculations Agric.For.Meteorol Kristensen et al. How Close is Close Enough When Measuring Scalar Fluxes with Displaced Sensors? J.Atmos.Oceanic Tech vol. 14 pp J Lloyd, J.A Taylor On the Temperature Dependence of Soil Respiration Func.Ecol vol. 8 pp Dean Vickers, L Mahrt Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data J.Atmos.Oceanic Tech vol. 14 pp C.J Moore Frequency Response Corrections for Eddy Correlation Systems Bound.-Layer Meteorol vol. 37 pp C.L Mayocchi, K.L Bristow Soil surface heat flux: some general questions and comments on measurements Agric.For.Meteorol vol. 75 pp
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