Geoffrey Abers. Water and volcanism. Imaging. Lessons from Central America. Oceanic. Terrestrial
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1 Imaging Circum-Pacific Subduction Zones with Earthquakes: Fluid Pathways and the Origins of Volcanic Arcs Geoffrey Abers Oceanic Terrestrial Water and volcanism Imaging Lessons from Central America
2 Wet + hot mantle make volcanoes; water controls explosivity Where does H 2 O originate? What pathways? Melting region (Schmidt and Poli, 1998)
3 Water in Subduction Zones
4 Water release is by metamorphic dehydration of crust 100 km Lines: descent path followed by slab surface 1 GPa ~ 30 km 50 km (Hacker et al., 2003)
5 Wedge melting facilitated by H 2 O Melting Temperature (solidus) Eruption Style: Magma velocity vs. %H 2 O model for 1 m wide basaltic dike 100 km 200 effusive explosive Wt% H 2 O in solid (Katz et al., 2003) Wt% H 2 O in magma (Zimmer, in prep.)
6 Melting: control by geometry, H 2 O inputs, thermal structure (Stern, 2002; Schmidt & Poli, 1998)
7 What is subduction geometry? Traditional: Seismicity (Syracuse and Abers, 2006) teleseismic local volcano
8 Subduction geometry and crustal dehydration Seismic velocities track hydration: Vp versus dry mantle (after Hacker, 2008; Hacker and Abers, 2004)
9 Subduction geometry and crustal dehydration: P-coda scattered wave imaging (Rondenay, Abers & van Keken, Geology, 2008) Alaska Oregon Cascades Seismic velocities track hydration receiver functions migrated to dvs/vs
10 Observe: dehydration feeds arcs, but does not produce the volcanic front Alaska Oregon Cascades Volcano Major Dehydration Cascadia: hot, young - dehydrates ~ 50 km depth Alaska: cool - dehydrates ~ 130 km depth receiver functions migrated to dvs/vs
11 TUCAN Tomography (and other things) Under Costa Rica and Nicaragua Cooperative US, Nicaragua, Costa Rica Seismic Array (BU/LDEO, Brown, INETER, OVSICORI) 48 broadband seismographs, main lines sample change in volcano geochemistry
12 Hypocenters and slab shape: Joint inversion with 3D structure Seismic zone is < 10 km wide H varies 2x along strike 180 km 90 km Joint inversion for hypocenters + Vp + Vs 1025 earthquakes: 37,000 arrivals
13 Nicaragua vs. Costa Rica Scattered wave images Crust: km vs km Slab depth: 180 km vs 90 km (imaged as base of slow, hot wedge) Melting region is 150 vs 50 km taller (MacKenzie et al., 2010 EPSL)
14 Melting below Central America volcanoes: Geochemistry variations along strike (Carr et al., 2006; 2007; etc.) melt proxy higher degree melts subducted sediment? H 2 O proxy slabderived fluid MORB Nicaragua has: deeper/more melting more slab-derived fluid than Costa Rica Carr et al. 2006
15 Shear wave Attenuation (1/Qs): Temperature + hydration? Temperature Hydration Qs Nicaragua Qs= /Qs High beneath arc and back-arc Costa Rica Qs= Nicaragua has higher T and/or H 2 O Rychert et al. (2008)
16 High Vp/Vs column under arc: melt pathway? Vp Nicaragua Vp Vs Costa Rica Syracuse et al. (Gcubed, 2008)
17 Quantitative comparison: wedge velocities Vp = κ + (4 /3)µ ρ Vs = µ ρ T effect µ varies only Shear modulus (µ) reduction: melt signature? κ, µ covary
18 Hot Wedge & Melting Column Numerical Simulation 1/Qs Temperature Melt - porosity Vp/Vs Cagnioncle et al.,jgr, 2007
19 Ongoing work: Nicaragua image vs. petrologic prediction Sharp: Compositional boundary (Cocos Plate Moho) Eclogitization/dehydration Gradient: Thermal boundary above slab H 2 O Syracuse et al., 2010; van Keken et al., 2010 Vs
20 Fluids sourced from different layers in the slab Syracuse et al., G3, 2009 Spiegelman, van Keken, Hacker, Wilson (in prep) Fluid flow through the Nicaraguan arc
21 Summary: the fluid cycle and dehydration of subducting crust fluxes hot wedge Wedge is usually hot.. producing high meltfraction conduits when dehydrates. 1/Qs Vp Vp/Vs
22 Translating this mapping to the surface How can understanding deep volcanic plumbing translate into hazard understanding? Can we assess eruption size absent historic record? Are there eruption precursors in the mantle? What is the link between slab devolatilization and explosivity: Quantitative volatile estimates? Link between mantle temperatures and viscosity? Can differentiation (SiO 2 content) be predicted?
23 San Jacinto, Nicaragua
24
25 Shear Attenuation (1/Qs) Seismic proxies for T, melt Poisson s Ratio ~ Vp/Vs melt free H 2 O d=1 mm 10 mm 2 GPa, 1000 Takei (2002) poroelastic theory Faul & Jackson (2005), adjusted to 2.5 GPa (other theories scale differently)
26 Thanks to many collaborators & students Students: Aaron Ferris, Josh Stachnik, Laura MacKenzie, Ellen Syracuse Main Collaborators: Doug Christensen (U Alaska), Karen Fischer (Brown Univ.), Brad Hacker (UC Santa Barbara), Stephane Rondenay (MIT), Kate Rychert (SIO), Peter van Keken (Michigan), Marino Protti (OVSICORI/UNA), Wilfried Strauch (INETER) Funding and Support: NSF; IRIS-PASSCAL
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