East Asia & Southeast Asia region
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1 Deltas at Risk Dynamics and vulnerability of river delta system East Asia & Southeast Asia region Yoshiki Saito Geological Survey of Japan
2 Huanghe (Yellow River) Plateau Tibetan Himalayas Old Huanghe (500 MT/y) Changjiang (Yangtze River) Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Chao Phraya Woodroffe et al., 2006 Song Hong (Red River) Mekong River Zhujiang (Pearl River) >40km2/y New land shrinking
3 Holocene 10 superlobes Saito et al Yellow River Delta Since 1855
4 More than 200 kg/m3 During floods Deforestation in the Loess Plateau Ren and Shi. 1986
5 Wang et al., 2007
6
7 Sediment discharge at Lijin station Big dams Sanmenxia km3/y Liujiaxia Longyangxia Xiaolangdi Bt/y Wang et al., 2007
8 Wang et al., 2007
9 Chu et al., 2006
10 Satellite image analysis: Chu et al., 2006
11 Yang et al. in prep
12 Boundary depth:11-14 m Wang et al.,2006
13 Changjiang (Yangtze delta),, drilling core locations & sea-bottom sediment Maximum shoreline The delta has prograded more than 250 km during the last 6000 years (= ca. 40m/yr)
14 YELLOW RIVER & YANGTZE DELTAS Saito et al., 2001, Geomorphology
15 Yangtze sediment discharge 480 MT/y to ca. 150 MT/y Pristine: MT/y before 2ka Yichang Luoshan Hankou water sediment Yang et al. 2006, WRR
16 Yangtze delta Yang SL et al. GRL 2006
17 Hanoi Red River Delta
18 SONG HONG (RED RIVER) DELTA EVOLUTION, VIETNAM Tide-dominated Fluvial-dominated wavedominated Beach ridges Mathers et al., 1996
19 Sediment discharge of the Red River : 114 MT/y : 79 MT/y : 51 MT/y Hoa Binh dam (1989) Main channel: 49 MT/y in 1949 to 11 MT/y in 2000 Pristine: 20 MT/y before 3-5 ka More than 100 km progradation for the last 6 ky Thanh et al., 2004 Van Maren, 2004 Saito et al., 2007 Tanabe et al., 2006
20 coastal erosion Thanh et al. 2004
21 Catchment area: 795,000 km 2 Main stream length: 4,800 km Mean flow: 14,500 m 3 /s Run off: 575 mm Delta area: 62,520 km2 Mean tidal range: 2.5 m Mean wave height: 0.9 m Water discharge: 470 km3/y Sediment discharge: 160 million t/y
22 Mekong Delta Sediment reduction ~5 % Sand mining :Unknown Tra Vinh More than 250 km Progradation For 6 ky Camau
23 Shoreline changes in Tra Vinh area km Progradation: Deposition Retreat: Erosion NGUYEN Van Lap et al., 2006
24 Shrimp pond NGUYEN Van Lap et al., 2006
25 NGUYEN Van Lap et al., 2006
26 Area of mangrove forest in Tra Vinh coast (ha) ,000 16,300 12,400 5,924 3,725 1,384 6,218 23,700 (2,370 ha/y) 6,500 4,830 (650 ha/y) 2,400 (530 ha/y) (480 ha/y) NGUYEN Van Lap et al., 2006
27 Land use map in Ca Mau cap in 2003 Shrimp farm Mangrove forest Shrimp farm- forest Forest - shrimp farm Mangrove forest Mangrove forest NGUYEN Van Lap et al., 2006
28 Chao Phraya Delta Bangkok
29 Thai cross section
30 1 km shoreline retreat at the river mouth of the Chao Phraya Rokugawa et al., 2006; Saito et al., 2007
31 Chao Phraya delta
32 Marine Inundation
33 Sediment discharge of the Chao Phraya River 15 Mt/y 5 Mt/y Winterwerp et al., 2005
34 Upper Gulf of Thailand During , accretion: 8.9 km 2, erosion: 4.5 km 2 net accretion rate: 0.62 km 2 /y; During , accretion 4.9 km 2, erosion 10.3 km 2, net accretion rate: 0.49 km 2 /y During , accretion 7.4 km 2, erosion 4.5 km 2, net accretion rate 0.25 km 2 /y Saito et al., 2007
35 Relative sea-level rise due to subsidence Land subsidence ca Bangkok 60 cm rise in SL Gulf of Thailand Haq, 1994
36 Land subsidence During >20 cm/ 8 years cm/y: coast (<4.5 cm/y inland) More than 1m Sea-level rise For the last 50 y Winterwerp et al., 2005
37 Rapid sediment deposition in the intertidal zone (~50 cm thick sediment deposition during 1 m sea-level rise) Saito et al., 2007
38 20 km wide Mean tidal range 1.2 m 2.5 m Upper ITZ Lower ITZ 1 m subsidence 2.5 m
39 20 km wide Mean tidal range 1.2 m 2.5 m 1 m subsidence 1km retreat 2.5 m 50 cm deposition Mangroves play an important role in coastal protection.
40 Chao Phraya Delta Bangkok
41 Zhujiang (Pearl River) The Zhujiang shows a similar reduction of sediment delivery. The annual sediment discharge from the Zhujiang has declined from 80 Mt to 54 Mt on average since As a result of the steady decline since the early 1990s, in 2004 the annual sediment discharge was about one-third the mean pre- 1990s discharge (Zhang et al., 2007).
42 Pearl River (Zhujiang) example Luo et al., 2007 >8.7x108 m3 sand/22 years >4 x 107 m3 sand/year 8 x 107 t/y (ss): 1 x 107 m3 sand
43 Luo et al.,2007
44 Invitation to IGCP-475: Deltas in the Monsoon Asia-Pacific region International Conference on Deltas (Bangladesh): Deltaic gateways: Linking Source to Sink Dates: January 6-13, 2008 Host: Geological Survey of Bangladesh USD 600 including registration fee, accommodation, meals and two excursions Deadline: October 15, 2007 Search at web IGCP475, Asian Delta
45 Shanghai subsidence
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