Semi-enclosed seas. Estuaries are only a particular type of semi-enclosed seas which are influenced by tides and rivers

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1 Semi-enclosed seas Estuaries are only a particular type of semi-enclosed seas which are influenced by tides and rivers Other semi-enclosed seas vary from each other, mostly by topography: Separated from the ocean by sills or straits: Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar Strait), Red Sea (Bab el Mandeb Strait), Black Sea (Bosphorus Strait), Gulf of Mexico (Yucatan Channel and Florida Strait), Persian Gulf, Hudson Bay, etc. Closely connected to the ocean: North Sea, Yellow Sea Deep seas (may have special properties if separated from ocean) Shallow seas (more like classical coastal oceans) Since every semienclosed sea is unique, its impossible to generalize, and thus we need to study each one of them separately. We will look at a few examples.

2 The Arctic Ocean (is it really an ocean?): shallow shelves, sub-basins, covered by ice, more fresh water than evaporation. Circulation controlled by topography & inflows/outflows. Important for climate change. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean

3 Observations in the Arctic below the ice are rare and difficult to take. Density profiles influenced by salinity more than temperature. fresh Arctic waters from rivers & Bering Sea warm/salty Atlantic waters

4 The Mediterranean Sea (unlike Arctic- well studied): - large evaporation and small precipitation warm and salty waters deep water formation in south coast of France and Adriatic Sea Western Med Eastern Med

5 The Mediterranean Sea Circulation: - early studies assumed large cyclonic circulation in each sub-basin - however, new observations and models now show much more complex circulation with transient mesoscale eddies and semi-permanent gyres

6 Mediterranean Sea Surface Height from Altimeter data

7 The Black Sea: - larger fresh water input than evaporation - was a fresh water lake until ~ years ago when became connected to the Mediterranean Sea; still quite isolated. - strong stratification and only small vertical mixing, thus lower layer below 200m anoxic and biological activity restricted to the top layer Upper BS water

8 In both, the Black Sea and the Arctic Ocean the pycnocline (density) is maintained by the halocline (salinity), even though the thermocline is different Black Sea Arctic Ocean

9 The Gulf of Mexico is also an important semi-enclosed sea. Topography: - wide continental shelves - deep interior - narrow straits: Yucatan Channel to Caribbean Sea; Florida Strait to Atlantic Currents: - Loop Current and eddies - connect the Caribbean Current with the Florida Current and the Gulf stream

10 Thousands of oil platforms in the upper GOM: important to understand and predict ocean currents and eddies that impact oil drilling operations and potential oil spill impact

11 Model simulations of Sea Surface Height in the Gulf of Mexico (Ezer & Mellor, 2000) Florida Straits GOM Yucatan Channel

12 Other important marginal seas: The China Seas South China Sea East China Sea Yellow Sea (mostly shallow seas) East/Japan Sea (deep sea) Important factors: Topography Tides Wind Rivers Kuroshio

13 East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea: Shallow seas influenced by the Kuroshio and rivers Japan/East Sea Yangze River (6400 km) longest river in Asia; flows into the ECS; environmental impact; hydroelectric power

14 The East Sea/ Sea of Japan: deep with complex gyres due to topography

15 Coastal Processes and Impacts Impact on biological communities in tidal zones Coastal erosion and deposition Sea level rise, storm surge and flooding

16 Coastal areas are subject to: Storm surge (e.g., Hurricanes) Tsunamis Climate related sea level rise? Is Norfolk in danger?

17 What is a storm surge and a storm tide? Storm Surge is the rise of water level generated by a storm pushing water toward the coast, resulting in water level above the astronomical tides. Storm Tide is the water level rise during a storm due to the combined effect of storm surge + astronomical tide.

18 Human civilizations developed during a period when sea level was relatively stable UNTIL NOW! < 1 mm/yr past 20,000 years

19 Global-Mean Sea-Level Rise: past 300 years and next 100 years? Past sea level: paleo-sea-level data, tide gauge data, satellite altimeter data. Mean SLR ~ 1.7mm/y in 20 th century (Church&White, 2011) future estimates: global climate models with different CO 2 emission scenarios Source: IPCC, 2013, AR5 WG1 (from Nicholls, 2013)

20 Local Sea Level Rise (SLR) a combination of several factors Storm surge Storm And ~6 mm/y tide Last 20yrs Impact from changes in ocean currents Local SLR Global SLR land Subsidence (we are sinking )

21 Nov Norfolk has experienced the highest sea level rise in the east coast

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23 Since 2010 ODU highly involved in research and education related to sea level rise and its impacts

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25 moderate flooding minor ( nuisance ) flooding Historic Hague area (Ezer and Atkinson. 2015)

26

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28 Global warming and sea level rise are already affecting us, so what can we do? Adaptation and Mitigation options Source: Nicholls (2010) Book on Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability

29 Raising houses in flood-prone streets of Norfolk Cost: ~$100,000 per house Repetitive flood damage claims in Norfolk: (source: Norfolk City Planning Dept.) ~200 claims ~750 claims ~900 claims

30 Hurricane Ike (2008) Gulf of Mexico coast wind blew roof right after storm sand covered road (but- is it a smart policy to rebuild in hurricane/flood prone area?) one year later

31 Example of protecting methods: flood gates in downtown Norfolk (may need more ) pumping station flood wall flood gate

32 Next class: Ocean Models and review for exam (5-Dec) Exam#3 (7-Dec) Important: please complete the Student Opinion Survey!

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