LAVAS. A a, Kilauea Volcano Photot: Dorian Weisel
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1 LAVAS A a, Kilauea Volcano Photot: Dorian Weisel
2 COMPOSITION OF LAVAS. SiO 2 % phenocrysts* rhyolite > 69 kspar, qtz, plag, bi (h e, px, fa) dacite plag, h e, px, bi (qtz) andesite plag, h e, px (ol) basalt px, plag, ol * approximate guide only! silicic, felsic... rhyolite, dacite intermediate... andesite basic, mafic. basalt
3 DIMENSIONS OF LAVAS aspect ratio basalt rhyolites Dimensions of lavas of different compositions. The two scales along the x-axis give the area and the lateral extent (Walker 1973).
4 BASALTIC LAVAS a a vs. pahoehoe (viscosity, rate of shear)... tubes, channels, levees... columnar joints: cooling contraction joints; ~ perpendicular to isothermal surfaces.. tumuli: mounds, 1 to 10 m high; up-tilting of solid crust by molten lava beneath.
5 TUMULI Tumuli in plan view and profile (Walker 1991). Stages in the growth of a tumulus (Walker 1991).
6 BASALTS. Effusion rates of some basaltic lavas Eruption Effusion rate (m 3 s -1 ) Laki x 10 Etna (n = 17) Etna Mauna Loa (n = 101) Askja (800) Paricutin Rates of shear and viscosity for pahoehoe and a a lavas (Peterson & Tilling 1978).
7 BASALTIC LAVAS dimensions thickness: <1m to a few tens of m; stagnant lavas thicken by inflation extent: commonly several km; longest are >hundred km (tube-fed) eg. Undara, Qld (low viscosity, well insulated) volume: generally <<15km 3 but the largest (flood basalts) are hundreds km 3 in volume
8 BASALTIC LAVAS eruption styles:.. upwelling & overflow fire fountain driven by high discharge & volatile exsolution central vent vs. fissure vent shield volcano flood basalt provinces
9 RHYOLITIC LAVAS small... dome coulée flow cross section dimensions thickness tens to a few hundred m extent < 5 km volume < 5 km 3, most < 1 km 3
10 RHYOLITIC LAVAS growth mechanism EXOGENOUS - addition to the outside ENDOGENOUS - addition to the inside
11 RHYOLITIC LAVAS crystallisation... reflects internal temperature gradients and insulating effects of cool outer crust obsidian (glass) isolated spherulites close packed spherulites crystalline rhyolite stoney
12 RHYOLITIC LAVA vesicularity.. reflects pre-eruption volatile gradients in the magma, syn-eruptive degassing and post-emplacement degassing non-vesicular or isolated vesicles finely vesicular pumice coarsely vesicular pumice
13 RHYOLITIC LAVAS big: extensive sheets. dimensions thickness 100 m to 250 m extent several tens km volumes 10 km 3 to 100 km 3 eg. Miocene rhyolites, Idaho, USA Cretaceous quartz latites, Namibia... Bonnichsen & Kaufmann, 1987
14 RHYOLITIC LAVAS conditions for big rhyolites temperature volume high ( C) large thick, hot, slow moving flows small heat loss active for decades
15 Examples of BIG rhyolites Southwestern Idaho (Bonnichsen & Kauffman 1987) Phenocryst Maximum Minimum Name of Unit Minerals SiO 2 N Thickness Volume (m) (km2) Three Creek Rhyolite plag gtz aug pig ox rhyolite, Juniper-Clover area plag gtz aug pig ox very large Dorsey Creek Rhyolite plag qtz aug pig ox > Poison Creek Rhyolite plag gtz aug pig ox about Sheep Creek Rhyolite plag qtz aug pig ox about Brureau Jasper Rhyolite plag san qtz aug pig ox about lower rhyolite, Louse Creek plag aug pig ox Long Draw Rhyolite plag aug pig ox about Cedar Tree Rhyolite plag man gtz aug pig ox > Marys Creek Rhyolite plag san qtz aug pig ox large Indian BatI Rhyolite plag aug pig ox > Triguero Homestead Rhyolite plag aug pig ox about Average SiO 2 7l.8
16 ANDESITIC & DACITIC LAVAS wide range in structures. a a block lava coulée, dome dimensions thickness 5 m to a few hundred m extent <1 km to >10 km volume <1km 3 to >20 km 3
17 ANDESITIC & DACITIC LAVAS examples Oni-oshidashi lava: basaltic andesite.. Asama, 1783; 7 km long; 0.17 km 3 Chao Dacite: dacite. Chile, 0.1 Ma; up to 400 m thick; 12 km long; 26 km 3 Mount Saint Helens: dacite dome. USA, ; diameter ~ 700 m; 0.04 km 3
18 ANDESITIC & DACITIC LAVAS Oni-oshidashi Andesite, Japan Maps showing the topography and variations in composition of the Oni-oshidashi lava (Aramaki 1992)
19 ANDESITIC & DACITIC LAVAS effusion rates Eruption Average effusion rate (m 3 s -1 ) Santorini, Greece Santlaguito Santa Maria volcano 1922-present 0.4 Mt Lamington Bezymianny 1955-present 1.8 Colima Augustine Mt St Helens 1980-present 0.5 Usu 1910 (Meiji-Shinzan cryptodome) 3.5 Usu (Showa-Shinzan cryptodome) 1.2 Usu 1977-present (Usu-Shinzan cryptodome) 0.6 (Newhall & Melson 1983)
20 ANDESITIC & DACITIC DOMES Mount St. Helens Mount Laminqton Bezymianny Santiaguito Dome Growth From October 1980 February 1951 April 1956 June 1922 To December 1983 June 1952 (?) December 1982 December 1982 Duration (yr) (?) Dome volume (km 3 ) Growth rate,first 3 years (km 3 /yr) (first 1.4 yrs) SiO % 58-60% 56-60% 62-65% (Swanson et al 1987)
21 AUTOBRECCIA volcaniclastic (primary) by-product of lava flow.. brittle fracture of cooler, more viscous lava during flowage; mainly affects margins clasts are slabby or blocky, commonly flow banded may be welded (stuck, deformed), especially at the flow. base: active lava flow welded breccia
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