Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor North Carolina State University

Transcription

1 Moss on Bentgrass Greens Why Do We Have It & How Do You Get Rid Of It Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor North Carolina State University

2 Research Sponsored By: Turfgrass Council of North Carolina and The North Carolina Turfgrass Foundation

3 This talk is on-line at: Select <extension> Select <presentations>

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15 Reasons for Increases in Moss Incidence: Removal of mercury-based fungicides (PMAS, Calaclor). Low mowing heights New formulations of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides

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19 Moss Control in Bentgrass Greens Tee Time (2.3 lb/m) 36 b-e 53 b-f 7/28 9/10 Ultra Dawn (4 oz/gal) 25 b-e 74 a-e PMAS (1 oz/m) 44 a-e 88 ab Am. Sulfate ( 2.3 lb/m) 25 b-e 38 f Ronstar (1.5 lb ai/a) 10 cde 74 a-e % Control Elk River CC, Dawn and PMAS applied 7-14, 7-21, 7-28; Tee Time and ammonium sulfate applied 2 times: 7-14 & 8-13, Ronstar applied 7-14

20 Moss Biology and Life History Types of Mosses: True mosses: Bryophytes, etc. Peat mosses: absorb 20x their dry weight in water Granite mosses: found on mountains and arctic Approximately 9,500 species of mosses

21 Moss Biology and Life History Habitat: Traditionally associated with moist, shady sites Found in the arctic, deserts, water, and on rocks Can remain alive in dried conditions for many years and revive if wetted

22 Moss Biology and Life History Small, slow-growing perennial plants with chlorophyll Non-vascular plants no vascular system (conductive tissue) No roots have rhizoids to anchor plants (do not absorb water or nutrients)

23 Moss Biology and Life History Very primitive organisms: Fossil records date back to 360 to 438 million years ago (first dinosaurs appeared 248 million years ago and disappeared 144 million years ago) Other primitive survivors: alligators, crocodiles, sharks, opossums, cockroaches, etc.

24 Moss Biology and Life History Reproduction: sexual capsules with spores that are often propelled (like ferns) asexual - fragmentation

25 Types of Mosses Identified in Bentgrass Greens Silvery Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum) appears to be most common Bryum lisae Amblystegium trichopodium Bracythecium spp. *Taylor & Danneberger, 1996: Golf Course Management

26 Previous Research with Moss in Bentgrass Greens Products tested: Team, bensulide, pendimethalin, siduron, bentazon, dicamba, 2,4-D + triclopyr, Caloclor, 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba, MCPP, Endothall, hydrated lime, oxadiazon Only Caloclor (mercury chloride), Endothall, hydrated lime, and oxadiazon reduced moss populations *Hummel, 1988: Golf Course Management

27 Effects of Herbicides on Moss Suppression Caloclor 36 Endothall 33 hydrated lime 44 oxadiazon 64 Hummel, % Moss suppression

28 Moss Experimental Locations Black Mountain CC, Black Mt., N.C. (BM) Elk River CC, Banner Elk, N.C. (ER) Jefferson Landing GC, Jefferson, N.C. (JL)

29 Materials and Methods Treatments: Daconil ZN: 8.5 and 15.5 lb ai/a at 5 gal/m Daconil ZN: 8.5 and 15.5 lb ai/a at 10 gal/m Daconil W/S: 8.1 and 16.3 lb ai/a at 5 gal/m Daconil W/S: 8.1 and 16.3 lb ai/a at 10 gal/m

30 Materials and Methods Fe % (50 lb Fe/a) - Ironizer Fe % (13.3 lb Fe/a) - Ironite Tee Time (45 lb Fe/a) Ultra Dawn (3.0 % v/v)

31 Materials and Methods-Test 1 All previous treatments applied + oxadiazon (1.5 lb ai/a) Oxadiazon (1.5 lb ai/a) Iron sulfate (36 lb Fe/a) + Ammonium Sulfate (27 lb N/a)

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33 Moss Control on Bentgrass Greens Ironizer Ironizer + Oxadiazon 29 ab 26 ab 98 a 97 a Ironite Ironite + Oxadiazon Note: Similar results observed at Black Mountain 28 ab 31 a % Control 62 a-e 78 abc LSD= WAIT 6 WAIT LSD=36.6 Jefferson Landing: Applied 2 times: 8-16 & , oxadiazon only

34 Materials & Methods Percent control of moss was based on the nontreated, this was a visual rating of the injury to the moss only. Nontreated Treated

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36 Moss Control on Bentgrass Greens Iron Sulfate + Ammonium Sulfate 28 ab 98 a Dawn Dawn + Oxadiazon 18 abc 29 ab 74 a-d LSD= WAIT 6 WAIT LSD= ab Oxadiazon Note: Similar results observed at Black Mountain 25 ab % Control 55 cde * Jefferson Landing: Applied 2 times: 8-16 & , oxadiazon only

37 Moss Control on Bentgrass Greens Daconil W/S 8.1 lbs ai/a Daconil W/S 16.2 lbs ai/a 44 bc * 53 ab 96 ab 100 a LSD= WAIT 6 WAIT LSD=7.1 6 Daconil Zn 8.5 lbs ai/a 34 c * 94 ab Daconil Zn 15.5 lbs ai/a 43 bc * 94 ab Note: Similar results % Control observed with higher spray volume Jefferson Landing: Applied 2 times: 8-16 & , 5 gal water/m

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39 Summary Ironizer & Iron sulfate + ammonium sulfate were the most effective and consistent of granular treatments. Should only be applied in cool conditions. Daconil was very effective in reducing moss populations. Should only be applied in hot conditions.

40 Granular Iron treatments can result in unacceptable turf quality.

41 Quicksilver on Silvery Thread Moss

42 % Phyto (blackish-green) Silvery Thread Moss Phyto with Quicksilver T&O and Daconil WeatherStik LSD ( P =.05) Quicksilver T&O 1 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 2 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 1 oz/a + NIS* Daconil W.Stik 174 oz/a Check 0 7 DA-1ST 8 DA-2ND 13 DA-3RD * NIS applied at 0.25% v/v May 19 Jun 9 Jun 30 (2004 application dates) Actual silvery thread moss control was 0% in all treatments 21 DA each application date

43 % Control Silvery Thread Moss Control with Quicksilver T&O and Daconil WeatherStik Applied Once LSD ( P =.05) Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a + NIS* Daconil W.Stik 174 oz/a Check 0 14-Aug 23-Aug 5-Sep * NIS applied at 0.25% v/v Jul 24, 2003 application date

44 % Control Silvery Thread Moss Control with Quicksilver T&O and Daconil WeatherStik Applied Twice LSD ( P =.05) Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a + NIS* Daconil W.Stik 174 oz/a Check 0 14-Aug 23-Aug 5-Sep * NIS applied at 0.25% v/v Jul 24 and Aug 6, 2003 application dates

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46 Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/a (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/a (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

47 Quicksilver T&O 3.4 oz/a (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Quicksilver T&O 3.4 oz/a (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

48 Daconil WeatherStik 174 oz/a (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Daconil WeatherStik 174 oz/a (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

49 Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

50 Quicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/a (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Quicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/a (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

51 Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a % NIS (2 apps) Sep 5, 43 DAIT Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a % NIS (1 app) Sep 5, 43 DAIT

52 Summary Must burn back moss, then stimulate bentgrass Various Fe formulations can work be careful in hot weather (>85 o ) Daconil will work will not work in cool weather (<80 o )

53 Summary Quicksilver is the best, works over a fairly broad range of temperatures Currently registered for bentgrass, but at a low rate and not on greens NC will likely have a SLN 24(c) registration in a few weeks

54 Summary Glyphosate will not control moss