New Herbicides and New Weed Problems Fred Yelverton, PhD

Transcription

1 New Herbicides and New Weed Problems Fred Yelverton, PhD

2 TurfFiles Find this presentation and more online Sign-up for Turf ALERTS Learn about turfgrass pests: Weeds Insects Diseases Identify your turf or weed species using Decision Aids

3 TurfFiles

4 Old Herbicides EPA Proposed Bans: MSMA, DSMA, CMA Triazine herbicides

5 Sulfonylurea Herbicides (SUs) Metsulfuron (Manor/Blade) Chlorsulfuron (Corsair) Halosulfuron (Manage) foramsulfuron (Revolver) rimsulfuron (Tranxit) sulfosulfuron (Certainty) Trifloxysulfuron (Monument) Flazasulfuron

6 Other New Herbicides Bispyribac (Velocity) Carfentrazone (Quicksilver) Sulfentrazone (Dismiss) Quinclorac (Drive) Fluoxypyr (in various 3-ways) Mesotrione (????) Echelon (Dismiss + Prodiamine)

7 Manage now sold by SedgeHammer Was sold by Monsanto now sold by Gowan Same product

8 Winter Weed Management Not Overseeded

9 % Control Annual Bluegrass Control in a Dormant Bermudagrass LSD ( P =.05) Princep 1 lb ai/a Aatrex 1 lb ai/a Roundup Pro 1 lb ai/a Check Dec 5-Jan 3-Feb 8 da 14 da 22 da (after Dec 22, 2003 app.)

10 % Control Corn Speedwell Control with Atrazine and Various Postemergence Herbicides Atrazine 2 lb ai/a Confront 1.5 pt/a a d d cd d b d 29-Apr Sampson County Millennium Ultra 2.5 pt/a Speed Zone 3.5 pt/a Trimec Classic 3.5 pt/a Manor + NIS 0.5 oz/a % Check

11 Princep 1 lb ai /A AAtrex 1 lb ai / A Roundup Pro 1 lb ai / A Treated Dec 22, 2003 Photo Feb 5, 2004

12 Sulfonylurea Herbicides (SUs) Interfere with acetolactate synthase (ALS Inhibitor) Readily absorbed by foliage and roots and translocated to meristematic region. Growth is inhibited in sensitive plants, followed by chlorosis and death of growing points. 10 to 21 days.

13 Poa annua control Sulfosulruon(left side) Monument (right side) Applied Nov 30, 2004 Photo Feb 24, 2005

14 Revolver 1.25L May 4, 2004 (25 WAT) Poa annua Control Revolver 1.25L Mar 4, 2004 (16 WAT) Poa annua Control

15 Monument + NIS 40g % v/v Mar 4, 2004 (16 WAT) Poa annua Control Monument + NIS 40 g % v/v May 4, 2004 (25 WAT) Poa annua Control

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17 Post Control of Heavily Infested Poa annua With Sulfonylurea Herbicides LSD ( P =.05) Monument 0.33 oz* Monument 0.56 oz* Flazasulfuron 1.5 oz* Flazasulfuron 3 oz* Jan 8-Mar 4-May 2 mo 4 mo 6 mo (after Nov 12, 2003 app.)

18 Rimsulfuron + NIS 70 g/ha % v/v Applied Nov 30, 2004 Photos Apr 12, 2005 Check Poa annua and lawn burweed

19 Princep 1 lb ai /A AAtrex 1 lb ai / A Roundup Pro 1 lb ai / A Treated Dec 22, 2003 Photo Feb 5, 2004

20 % Control Effects of Air Temperature on Tall Fescue Control with Roundup Pro 1% v/v Application Temp NCSU Turfgrass Field Lab, 1998

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22 % green-up Glyphosate sprayed at 33gpa on with XR11003 nozzles Spraying Glyphosate on Partially (15%) Greened- Up Tifway Bermudagrass Roundup Pro 8oz Roundup Pro 12 oz Roundup Pro 16 oz Roundup Pro 24 oz Roundup Pro 32 oz 0 9 DAT 24 DAT LSD 8.0 LSD 8.6 Nontreated

23 % green-up Spraying Glyphosate on Partially (15%) Greened- Up Tifway Bermudagrass Roundup Pro 8oz Roundup Pro 12 oz Roundup Pro 16 oz DAT 57 DAT LSD 6.7 LSD 5.5 Glyphosate sprayed at 33gpa on with XR11003 nozzles Roundup Pro 24 oz Roundup Pro 32 oz Nontreated

24 Effect of Broadleaf Herbicides Applied During Tifway 419 Transition Evaluations Taken April 18 (Nontreated 71%) % Greenup Escalade 2 Tri Power 60 Trimec Classic 40 LSD = Feb 07 March 22 April 18 Escalade 2 was applied at 4.5 pt/a, Tri Power at 4.5 pt/a and Trimec Classic at 3.5 pt/a. Feb 07 - Dormant, March 22-20% Greenup, April 18-75% Greenup

25 Common and hybrid bermudagrass

26 % Control Bermudagrass Control One Year After Treatment Roundup 2 qts/a 1 Application 2 Applications 3 Applications Roundup + Fusilade 2 qts + 24 fl oz/a Roundup + Envoy 2 qts + 34 fl oz/a Roundup + Finale 2 qts + 4 qt/a

27 Weeds Controlled by Mesotrione Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Broadleaf plantain (Plantego major) Yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta) Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) St. Augustine, Centipede are tolerant, bermuda is not

28 Tolerance Trials Mesotrione applied to established turfgrass, phytotoxicity peaked at the following (one or two applications): Tifway bermudagrass Tifsport bermudagrass Common/ Tifblair centipedegrass Raleigh St. Augustinegrass 0.25 lb ai/a 0.5 lb ai/a 10 15% 10 15% Emerald zoysiagrass 45 50% El Toro zoysiagrass 20 25% Confederate Tall Fescue 50 60% 15 25% <5% <5% 5 15% 20 30% 0% 0%

29 Turfgrass Tolerance to Highly tolerant Common centipedegrass Tifblair centipedegrass Mesotrione Intermediately tolerant Raleigh St. Augustinegrass Tifsport bermudagrass Susceptible Common bermudagrass Emerald zoysiagrass Tall fescue Tifway bermudagrass Bentgrass cultivars El Toro zoysiagrass

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31 Mesotrione injury on zoysiagrass

32 Mesotrione 0.25 lb ai applied June 6 (5-7 lf crabgrass), photo taken June 14

33 Mesotrione lb ai applied May 1 (1-3 lf crabgrass), photo taken June 14

34 % Control Postemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control bc 90a 83ab Mesotrione d Mesotrione Late August Late September Rates are lb ai per acre. Trts were applied 7-30 and included NIS. Crabgrass averaged 2 tillers.

35 % Control Postemergent Goosegrass Control a 91a 78a-d 80abc Mesotrione Mesotrione Late August Late September Rates are lb ai per acre. Trts were applied 7-23 and included NIS. Goosegrass averaged 3 tillers.

36 Nontreated photo taken

37 % Control Crenshaw Bentgrass Control in Tall Fescue Outplay X Outplay X Outplay X 3 65 Outplay fb fb Outplay X Fusilade X 2 Fus + Out X 2 LSD= Data collected April , 190 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Outplay 4SC contained NIS and were made Oct 11, Oct 26, Nov 08, and Nov 17 as noted. Fusilade containing treatments contained Crop Oil were applied

38 Outplay fb fb fb photo taken

39 % Control Common Bermudagrass Control in Tall Fescue Outplay + tric Outplay + fenox Outplay + sulf Outplay + tric + fenox fenox + tric fluaz fluaz + tric + fenox Wet Foliage LSD=6.0 Dry Foliage LSD=6.4 Data collected , 77 DAIT. Sprayable treatments are lb ai per acre and contained NIS. Treatments were applied June 13, July 10, August 07, and September 05, 2006.

40 Fluazifop + triclopyr + fenoxaprop photo taken

41 % Control Tifway 419 Control in El Toro Zoysiagrass (12 WAIT) a 84 ab 60 bcd 38 de Fus II 4 oz + TE 1 qt 4wks Fus II 4 oz + TE 1 qt 8wks AE 1.25 pt + TE 1 qt 4wks AE 1.25 pt + TE 1 qt 8wks Nontreated f Rates are product / acre, data collected , Sandhills Research Station

42 Escalade 2 Bermuda, Zoysia, Bahia, KY Bluegrass, Ryegrass, Fescue, Bent (not greens). Also St. Augustine on Sod Farms (except Floratam). 2,4-D: 3.2 lbs/gal, Fluroxypyr: 0.4 lbs/gal, Dicamba: 0.4 lbs/gal

43 % Control Purple Deadnettle, Common Chickweed and Carolina Geranium Control LSD (p =.05) LAMPU STEME GERCA Tri-Power 3 pt/a Triplet SF 3.5 pt/a Escalade II 3 pt/a Check 2006: Sampson County (Applied Feb 24; Evaluated Mar 29)

44 % Control Common Lespedeza Control in Common Bermudagrass 13 LSD (p =.05) May 11 Application; Jul 7 Evaluation 2005: NC Wesleyan College Spotlight 1.5EC 0.67 pt/a Escalade Low Odor 2.5 pt/a Trimec Southern 2 pt/a Manor 0.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Amine 4 2 pt/a Check

45 Spotlight 1.5EC 0.67 pt/a Escalade Low Odor 2.5 pt/a NC Wesleyan College: Images taken Jul 7, 2005 Trimec Southern 2 pt/a Manor 0.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25%

46 % Control Postemergence Common Dandelion and TAROF White Clover Control 19 2 LSD (p =.05) TRFRE Tri-Power 3 pt/a Triplet SF 3.5 pt/a Escalade II 3 pt/a Check 2006: Old Field Lab (Applied Apr 28; Evaluated Jun 7)

47 Tri-Power 3 pt/a Triplet SF 3.5 pt/a Old Field Lab: Images taken Jun 7, 2006 Escalade II 3 pt/a Nontreated check plot

48 Weed Control With Preemergence Herbicides Herbicides do not prevent weeds from germinating, they kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide

49 Weed Control With Preemergence Herbicides Large gaps in herbicide barriers result in weed escapes.

50 PRE Smooth Crabgrass Control With Barricade Treatment Lbs AI/A % Control Nontreated -- 0 Barricade 65 WG Barricade 0.5 G Barricade 0.29 G LSD Experimental Barricade Formulations Hidden Valley GC, Applied March 4, evaluated Sept. 26

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52 Size of Particle is Critical

53 Uniformity of Particle Size

54 Coverage with Granular vs Spray

55 Particles Have A Sphere of Influence

56 Particles Have A Sphere of Influence

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58 Crabgrass Control with Dimension Impregnated on Fertilizer # particles/g 0.25 lbs ai/a 0.5 lbs ai/a Kelly and Coats, MSU (unpublished data)

59 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Tall Fescue 100 LSD=33 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dimension 1EC Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 196 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 04 and April 26

60 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Tall Fescue 100 LSD=30 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dimension 1EC Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 186 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 04 and April 28

61 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Tall Fescue 100 LSD=30 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 184 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 07 and May 09

62 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass 100 LSD=17 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dimension 1EC Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 189 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 04 and May 04

63 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass 100 LSD=16 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dimension 1EC Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 191 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 04 and April 28

64 % Control Smooth Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass 100 LSD=19 (P=0.05) Barricade 65WG Barricade 4F Dim Ultra 40WP Pendulum 60DF Pend. Aqua Cap 3.8CS Nontreated 0 Single Application Split Application Evaluations collected , 179 DAIT. Treatments applied: Mar 07 and May 02

65 Smooth Crabgrass Control Herbicide Application Excellent Good Fair Poor Barricade single split Dimension single split Pendulum single split Data averaged over three years with two locations each year for a total of six events.

66 Dismiss Turf Herbicide 4L (sufentrazone)

67 Dismiss (sulfentrazone) Rates for single applications Creeping bent, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass lbs ai/a Ky blue, bahiagrass, carpetgrass, centipedegrass, kikuyugrass, seashore paspalum, zoysiagrass, buffalograss Common and hybrid bermudagrass 0.25 lbs ai/a lbs ai/a

68 Echelon (prodiamine + sulfentrazone) Will be available this spring 0.3G and liquid form. Available 0.2 prodiamine sulfentrazone Warm and cool-season applications

69 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control Early September lb ai 0.25 lb ai lb ai Dismiss 4F Echelon L Echelon G Barricade 65WG lb ai sulfentrazone per acre LSD = 13.8 Dismiss and Echelon rates are lb ai sulfentrazone per acre. PRE treatments were applied Evaluated rates of Echelon provided 0.38, 0.5 and 0.75 lb ai prodiamine. Comparison Barricade rates mimicked prodiamine contained in Echelon

70 Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

71 Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

72 % Control Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control c 84 bc 93 abc 97 a 82 c sulfent d sulfent sulfent WAIT 5 e sulfent fb sulfent fb 0.25 Manage 1.3 oz Manage 0.25 fb Rates are per acre. Sequential applications applied 7 weeks after initial treatment. Falling Creek Country Club

73 % Control Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control g 9 efg 7 efg 0 g 42 bc 13 WAIT 17 de 80 sulfent sulfent sulfent sulfent fb sulfent fb 0.25 Manage 1.3 oz Manage 0.25 fb Rates are per acre. Sequential applications applied 7 weeks after initial treatment. Brandywine Bay Country Club a

74 % Control Purple Nutsedge Control With Dismiss and Quicksilver Combinations cd a-d cd bcd ab a May 30 Application; Sep 14 Evaluation 2006: Plymouth Country Club Dismiss 4F 8 oz/a Dismiss 4F 12 oz/a Quicksilver 1.9EW 2 oz/a Dismiss 4F + Quicksilver 1.9EW oz/a Certainty 1.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Monument 0.56 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Check

75 Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) & False Green Kyllinga (K. gracillima)

76 % Control False Green Kyllinga Control with Sulfentrazone lb ai.375 lb ai fb.25 lb ai Dismiss 4F sulfentrazone 0.3G.375 fb.375 lb ai LSD=11.0 Data collected , 82 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 6 WAIT.

77 Turf Quality (1-9) Centipedegrass and St Augustinegrass Tolerance to Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone Nontreated 1 Centipedegrass LSD= 0.3 St Augustinegrass LSD= NS Data collected , 4 WAT. Rates are lb ai per acre of 80 WP formulation.

78 % Control False Green Kyllinga Control with Sulfonylureas application applications 0 Monument Sedgehammer Certainty LSD=11.0 Data collected , 82 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 6 WAIT.

79 % Control Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control b 86ab 86ab 96a 84ab 65c Monument 0.3 oz Monument 0.45 oz Monument 0.56 oz Monument 0.3 oz+ MSMA 2 lb ai/a Manage 1.27 oz 0 2 WAIT Image 2.67 pt/a Rates are per acre. Trial initiated All treatments received sequential applied 8-2.

80 % Control Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control bc 85ab 94a 63d 69cd 63d Monument 0.3 oz Monument 0.45 oz 60 Monument 0.56 oz WAIT Monument MSMA 2 lb ai/a Manage 1.27 Image 2.67 pt/a Rates are per acre. Trial initiated All treatments received sequential applied 8-2.

81 Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

82 % Control False Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima) Control a 87 ab Monument 0.45 oz b 18 WAT Manage 1.33 oz Image + MSMA lb ai/a

83 Antagonism with SU Herbicides?

84 % Control Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control 100 Quicksilver 1.3 oz bc 78 ab Manage 1.33 oz e 22 WAIT 0 e 34 d Monument z Quicksilver + Manage 1.3 oz oz Quicksilver + Monument 1.3 oz oz Rates are mls or grams per hectare. Trial initiated 4-28.

85 Many new herbicides are mobile

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89 To Reduce Tracking Risk Spray after traffic has left for the day Water lightly (5 minutes) to remove dew. Should be done next morning prior to traffic.

90 Generics

91 Generics Prodiamine (Barricade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Trinexapac (Primo) Quinclorac (Drive) Dithiopyr (Dimension) Oxadiazon (Ronstar)

92 Generics Generics may offer cost advantage to end user. Basic manufacturers may charge more but some of cost is rolled back into development of new products.

93 Do generic plant growth regulators and herbicides vary in efficacy compared to proprietary products?

94 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control with Prodiamine Barricade Quali Pro Regalkade Riverdale LSD= lb ai 0.5 fb 0.25 lb ai Data collected , 180 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 8 WAIT. All products

95 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control with Oxadiazon Ronstar Quali Pro 40 LSD= lb ai 3 lb ai Data collected , 180 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. All products were 50 WP

96 % Control Preemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control with Oryzalin Surflan Quali Pro LSD= lb ai 1.5 fb 1.5 lb ai Data collected , 180 DAIT. Rates are lb ai per acre. Sequential applied 8 WAIT. All products

97 % Control Postemergent Smooth Crabgrass Control with Quinclorac Quali Pro Drive MSMA LSD= oz 16 oz MSMA 2 lb ai Data collected , 70 DAT. Rates are product per acre. Quinclorac contained MSO 1.5 pt/a, MSMA contained NIS.

98 % Foliar Suppression Tifsport Bermudagrass Foliar Suppression with Trinexapac-ethyl 0 * * * * * WAIT * * * * * Quali Pro A Quali Pro B Primo Maxx Clippings were collected weekly beginning 7 DAIT and oven dried weights were recorded. % suppression was compared to nontreated. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied at 16 oz product per acre.

99 Turf Quality 1-9 Effects of Trinexapac-ethyl on Tifsport 8 Bermudagrass Quality * * * * * * * * * * * Quali Pro A Quali Pro B 7 Primo Maxx Nontreated WAIT Trinexapac-ethyl was applied at 16 oz product per acre. * denotes significance compared to nontreated. No significant differences were discerned among formulations.

100 Spreading Dayflower (Commelina diffusa)

101 Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) McCarty, Murphy, and Yelverton

102 % Control Doveweed Control abc 22d ef 13e f 7f 2f 55c d 30ef 3 WAT 6 WAT 8fg 15fg 12fg Revolver 0.4 oz TranXit 1 oz Monument 0.3 oz Monument 0.56 oz flazasulfuron 3 oz Rates are per acre applied August 31, Means within a year followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05). Porters Neck GC 2004.

103 % Control Doveweed Control ab 83ab 70abc Manor 0.5 oz ef 5f 37cde 25ef 15f g 20e fg Certainty 2 oz Image 0.5 lb ai Trimec Classic 3.5 pt Millenium Ultra 2.25 pt 0 0f 3 WAT 6 WAT Rates are per acre applied August 31, Means within a year followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05). Porters Neck GC 2004.

104 % Control Doveweed Control a 92a Speedzone 3 pt c d 55bc 63b cd 62b cd 67bc Speedzone Southern 3 pt Weedar 64 1 pt Weedar 64 2 pt Bueno 6 2 lb ai 20 17e f 10f 13f g 0 3 WAT 6 WAT Rates are per acre applied August 31, Means within a year followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05). Porters Neck GC 2004.

105 % Control Doveweed Control bc 40de Aatrex 1 lb ai Aatrex 2 lb ai Aatrex 1 lb ai + COC Aatrex 1 lb + Speedzone Southern 3 pt Aatrex 1 lb + Trimec Classic 3.5 pt ef 0f 0f 0f 0g 3 WAT 6 WAT 0g 0g 0g Rates are per acre applied August 31, Means within a year followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different (P=0.05). Porters Neck GC 2004.

106 QuickSilver 1.9L (carfentrazone)

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117 Reasons for Increases in Moss Incidence: Removal of mercury-based fungicides (PMAS, Calaclor). Low mowing heights New formulations of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides

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120 Moss Biology and Life History Types of Mosses: True mosses: Bryophytes, etc. Peat mosses: absorb 20x their dry weight in water Granite mosses: found on mountains and arctic Approximately 9,500 species of mosses

121 Moss Biology and Life History Habitat: Traditionally associated with moist, shady sites Found in the arctic, deserts, water, and on rocks Can remain alive in dried conditions for many years and revive if wetted

122 Moss Biology and Life History Small, slow-growing perennial plants with chlorophyll Non-vascular plants no vascular system (conductive tissue) No roots have rhizoids to anchor plants (do not absorb water or nutrients)

123 Moss Biology and Life History Very primitive organisms: Fossil records date back to 360 to 438 million years ago (first dinosaurs appeared 248 million years ago and disappeared 144 million years ago) Other primitive survivors: alligators, crocodiles, sharks, opossums, cockroaches, etc.

124 Moss Biology and Life History Reproduction: sexual capsules with spores that are often propelled (like ferns) asexual - fragmentation

125 % Control Silvery Thread Moss Control with Quicksilver T&O and Daconil WeatherStik Applied Twice LSD ( P =.05) Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/a Quicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/a + NIS* Daconil W.Stik 174 oz/a Aug 23-Aug 5-Sep Check * NIS applied at 0.25% v/v Jul 24 and Aug 6, 2003 application dates

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128 Tolerance of A1, A4, L93 and Crenshaw Bengrass to Quicksilver Applications 2005: Application dates Jun 20 (70 0 F) and Jul 5 (92 0 F) Quicksilver EW 6.7 oz/a Quicksilver EW 6.7 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Quicksilver ME 12.7 oz/a Quicksilver ME 12.7 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Daconil Weatherstik 174 oz/a No phyto observed at any evaluation dates: Jun 22, Jun 24, Jun 27, Jul 5, Jul 7, Jul 10, Jul 12 and Jul 18

129 % Phyto Tolerance of A1, A4, L93 and Crenshaw Bengrass to Quicksilver Applications 50 Quicksilver EW 6.7 oz/a (Jul 11 and Jul 26) Phyto consistent in all cultivars 2-Aug 7-Aug 16-Aug Quicksilver EW 6.7 oz/a + NIS 0.25% (Jul 11 and Jul 26) Quicksilver ME 12.7 oz/a (Jul 11 and Jul 26) Quicksilver ME 12.7 oz/a + NIS 0.25% (Jul 11 and Jul 26) Daconil Weatherstik 174 oz/a (Jul 11 and Jul 26) Check 2006: Lake Wheeler Field Lab (76 0 F at each appl timing)

130 Bermudagrass Encroachment

131 Bermudagrass in Bentgrass Edging around green with Roundup Mechanically edging around green

132 Edging cuts stolons and rhizomes

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134 After clean-up

135 Tupersan application (sprayed)

136 Timely applications of high rates of Tupersan will suppress bermudagrass growth.

137 Tupersan Use Tupersan 4.6% G 17 lbs per 1,000 sq ft Gandy drop spreader setting No. 59 Water-into root zone Apply in April, May, September, October Do not apply in June, July and August

138 Granular Tupersan and a drop spreader are convenient to use.

139 Correct rate of Tupersan

140 Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum)

141 MSMA fb Rev 2 fl oz/1000 ft 2 2WAIT fb MSMA 3WAIT Photo: 12 WAIT

142 MSMA fb Rev 2 fl oz/1000 ft 2 2WAIT fb MSMA 3WAIT Photo: 1 YAIT

143 Certainty 1.25 oz/a + MSMA 2 lb ai/a + NIS 0.25% applied May 2 and June 13, 2005 Photo June 27

144 % Control Late Season Dallisgrass Control with Revolver and MSMA Combinations LSD (p=.05) 29-Aug 10-Oct 2006: Garner Country Club MSMA 6 Plus 1.5 lb ai/a Aug 7 fb Revolver 1 oz/m Aug 15 fb Revolver 1 oz/m Sep 7 MSMA 6 Plus 2 lb ai/a Aug 7 fb Revolver 1 oz/m Aug 15 fb MSMA 6 Plus 2 lb ai/a Aug 21 Check

145 MSMA 6 Plus 2 pt/a Aug 7 MSMA 6 Plus 2.67 pt/a Aug 7 Revolver 1 oz/m Aug 15 Revolver 1 oz/m Aug 15 Revolver 1 oz/m Sep 7 MSMA 6 Plus 2.67 pt/a Aug 21 Garner County Club: Images taken Oct 16, 2006

146 % Control Late Season Dallisgrass Control with MSMA, Revolver and Certainty LSD (p=.05) 12-Sep 10-Oct 2006: Hidden Valley Golf Course Certainty 1.25 oz/a + Bueno pt/a + NIS 0.25% Aug 7 and Sep 5 Bueno pt/a fb Revolver 2 oz/m fb Bueno pt/a Aug 7, Aug 21 and Aug 30 Check

147 % Control Late Season Dallisgrass Control with MSMA and Certainty Combinations LSD (p=.05) 10-Oct 2006: Garner Country Club Certainty 1.25 oz/a + MSMA 6 Plus 2.67 pt/a + NIS 0.25% Sep 7 and Sep 19 MSMA 6 Plus 2.67 pt/a + NIS 0.25% 4X Sep 7, Sep 12, Sep 19 and Sep 26 Check

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