Weed Control in Pastures and Spray Fields. L. S. Warren ( ) North Carolina State University

Transcription

1 Weed Control in Pastures and Spray Fields L. S. Warren ( ) North Carolina State University

2 Spray Field Weed Issues Influenced by Hay use (animal feed, bedding, etc ) Animal feed: limited grass weed control options Bedding plants: do not use products containing clopyralid, aminopyralid, picloram Cover crops (cereal grains, millet, etc ) Limited herbicides available for grain crops

3 Topics for Discussion Common Troublesome Weeds is control possible? Winter Weeds identification and control Factors Affecting Control Bermuda or fescue (newly seeded or overseeded?) Timings is there a best time to spray? Products Restrictions Summer Weeds (Toxicity Concerns)

4 Ten Troublesome Weeds in Hay, Pastures and Rangelands Large crabgrass Paspalum species Field sandbur Foxtail species Johnsongrass Horsenettle Blackberry (rubus sp.) Buttercup species Curly dock Wild radish / mustard 2008 Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society

5 Large crabgrass, Paspalum species, Field sandbur and Foxtail species (Bermudagrass only) Panoramic injures bermudagrass for one cutting Glyphosate apply 24 hours after 1 st cut Johnsongrass Horsenettle Blackberry Buttercup sp. Outrider bermuda and bahia Milestone bermuda and fescue Remedy bermuda and fescue Almost anything other than Banvel Curly dock Almost anything but apply in Oct-Nov and/or Mar Wild radish / mustard almost anything before flower

6 Postemergence Weed Control in Hay Crops (Winter Annuals and Cool Season Perennials) Best time to control (usually*) is Oct through Dec Weeds are germinating, young, actively growing *Germination depends on rainfall could be dry, grass canopy, other factors A good time to control is Feb through Apr* Winter weeds begin their final growth spurt * Don t wait too late by letting weeds go to seed!

7 What are advantages to early weed identification? Can control before desired crop gets thinned out Less herbicide usually needed for control of younger plants (save money) Herbicide may not control mature plants no matter the rate (Italian ryegrass; curly dock) Herbicides do not kill weed seeds (you may kill the parent plant, but offspring will be unaffected)

8 Nov 28, 2006: Italian ryegrass

9 Mar 22, 2007: Italian ryegrass

10 Redeem 1 qt/a Weedmaster 1 qt/a Mar 30, 2005 (1 DAT)

11 Oct 24, 2008

12 Apr 6, 2009

13 Pasture & Rangeland Weed Concerns Grass Weeds Interfere when striving for pure stands Interfere with hay drying Generally not a health concern except johnsongrass Broadleaf Weeds Numerous, noxious, toxic, prickly (animals will not graze)

14 Winter Annual and Perennial Broadleaf and Grass Weed Control in Dormant Bermudagrass Fields Panoramic 2SL (imazapic) Alligare, LLC (Glyphosate)-containing products such as Numerous Roundup formulations Journey (imazapic + glyphosate) BASF Corp. Apply to dormant bermudagrass only generally from late December to late February but do so during periods of warm weather (60 o or higher)

15 How would you control Italian ryegrass Journey, Panoramic, why not Roundup? Perennial ryegrass Journey, Panoramic??? not on label Little barley Roundup, Journey, Panoramic Annual bluegrass Roundup, Journey (not on their labels) Orchardgrass Journey suppression only Apply these herbicides during periods of warm weather!!!! in a coastal bermudagrass pasture?

16 % Control Grass and Broadleaf Weed Control in a Coastal Bermudagrass Pasture lsd p=.05 RUMCR CERVU LOLMU HORPU 2009: Jones County Journey 2.25L + NIS 1 qt/a % Feb 6 Panoramic 2SL + NIS 0.5 pt/a % Feb 6 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Feb 6 Journey 2.25L + NIS 1 qt/a % Feb 26 Panoramic 2SL + NIS 0.5 pt/a+0.25% Feb 26 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Feb 26 Check RUMCR evaluated May 20 All others evaluated Apr 30

17 Photo Apr 9, 2009

18 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Applied Feb 26, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Applied Feb 6, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009

19 Panoramic + X-77 8 fl oz/a % Applied Feb 26, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009 Panoramic + X-77 8 fl oz/a % Applied Feb 6, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009

20 Journey + X-77 1 qt/a % Applied Feb 26, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009 Journey + X-77 1 qt/a % Applied Feb 6, 2009 Photo Apr 9, 2009

21 % Stand Reduction Coastal Bermudagrass Pasture Tolerance to Winter Applied Herbicides Apr 11 lsd p= : Jones County Journey 2.25L + NIS 1 qt/a % Feb 6 Panoramic 2SL + NIS 0.5 pt/a % Feb 6 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Feb 6 Journey 2.25L + NIS 1 qt/a % Feb 26 Panoramic 2SL + NIS 0.5 pt/a+0.25% Feb 26 Roundup Weathermax 11 fl oz/a Feb 26 Check

22 Pasture Broadleaf Herbicides 2,4-D 2,4-D amine or ester Aim carfentrazone Banvel dicamba amine Chaparral*** metsulfuron + aminopyralid Cimarron Plus*** metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron Cimarron Max*** metsulfuron + 2,4-D amine + dicamba amine Crossbow 2,4-D ester + triclopyr ester *** Tall fescue stand must be at least 2 yrs expect injury

23 Pasture Broadleaf Herbicides Curtail 2,4-D amine + clopyralid amine ForeFront R&P aminopyralid + 2,4-D amine Grazon P+D picloram amine + 2,4-D amine Journey*** imazapic + glyphosate Milestone aminopyralid Outrider*** sulfosulfuron Overdrive diflufenzopyr + dicamba *** Do not apply to tall fescue

24 Pasture Broadleaf Herbicides PastureGard triclopyr ester + fluroxypyr ester Rage D-Tech carfentrazone + 2,4-D ester Redeem R&P triclopyr amine + clopyralid amine Remedy Ultra triclopyr ester Surmount picloram amine + fluroxypyr ester Telar XP*** chlorsulfuron Weedmaster 2,4-D amine + dicamba amine *** Use only 0.25 to 0.5 oz on tall fescue expect injury

25 Legume Tolerance Many forage producers like their stands to consist of a grass / clover mixture. Because of the clover, the only herbicides labeled for this mixture are 2,4-D (1 to 2 pt/a) and Aim (2 fl oz/a). There are lots of common broadleaf weeds not controlled by these two herbicides.

26 Fall Seeded / Overseeded Grasses If spraying before seeding Wait 3 to 4 weeks before seeding (check specific labels for accuracy of statement) If spraying after seeding Wait until seedlings get 6 inches of growth and begin tillering (check specific labels) usually spring

27 Oct 27, 2008

28 Barley, Millet, Oats, Rye, Ryegrass, Triticale and Wheat Herbicides 0.5 to 2 pt/a 2,4-D Fully tillered grass 4 to 8 inches tall before joint stage Wait 14 day before meat and dairy animals finished for slaughter can forage

29 Barley, Millet, Oats, Rye, Ryegrass, Triticale and Wheat Herbicides Aim Active ingredient: carfentrazone Apply prior to planting up to joint stage 2 fl oz/a % NIS Weed size: 4 inch in height; 3 inch rosette stage Restrictions: None Only controls a few broadleaf weed species

30 Barley, Oats, Rye and Wheat Herbicides Rage D-Tech Active ingredients: carfentrazone + 2,4-D ester Apply from 3 tiller up to joint stage 0.5 to 1 pt/a % NIS Weed size: up to 6 inch in height Restrictions: 14 day slaughter; do not feed treated straw to livestock

31 Rye???, Ryegrass, Oats, Triticale and Wheat Herbicides Banvel 2 to 4 fl oz/a on 2 to 3 leaf weeds with 2 inch rosettes Fully tillered grass 4 to 8 inches tall before joint stage 7 day hay restriction for lactating dairy animals (no grazing restriction for non-lactating animals) 37 day hay harvest; 30 day slaughter restriction

32 Barley, Rye, Ryegrass, Oats, Triticale and Wheat Herbicides Weedmaster A mix of 2,4-D and Banvel Follow restrictions pertaining to both herbicides Controls more weeds than either herbicide alone Up to 2 pt/a on newly seeded / young small grain Restrictions: 7 day dairy grazing; 30 day slaughter; 37 day - hay

33 Barley and Wheat Herbicides Curtail Active ingredients: clopyralid + 2,4-D amine Apply to 4 leaf up to joint stage 2 to 2.67 pt/a Weed size: 3 inch in height; 3 inch rosette stage Restrictions: 7 day graze restriction Do not harvest crop for hay

34 Clopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram Redeem, Curtail Milestone, Forefront, Chaparral Grazon P+D, Surmount Plant Residue and Manure Concerns!!!!! Excellent broadleaf weed herbicides labeled for pastures Super sensitive to beans, peas, lentils, potatoes, various other legumes, ornamental and orchard plants

35 Mulch under bean plants containing a pyridine herbicide

36 Mulch under pepper plants containing a pyridine herbicide

37 Clopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram Redeem, Curtail Milestone, Forefront, Chaparral Grazon P+D, Surmount Do not rotate to cropland for 1 year after application Do not plant broadleaf crop until field bioassay conducted Field bioassay: plant short test rows in treated area and observe symptoms if none present, then plant Do not use treated hay or straw in compost or mulch Do not use or spread manure to broadleaf crops if animal has grazed or been fed treated hay within 3 to 7 days Animal transfer: 3 to 7 days if taking to broadleaf crop area

38 Clopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram Redeem, Curtail Milestone, Forefront, Chaparral Grazon P+D, Surmount To promote herbicide decomposition, plant residues should be evenly incorporated in soil surface or burned. Aminopyralid breakdown in plant residues or manure is more rapid under warm, moist soil conditions and may be accelerated by supplemental irrigation.

39 Pasture Broadleaf Herbicide Restrictions Herbicide (Beef Dairy) Slaughter Hay Sensitive Grazing Crop Transfer Curtail ForeFront Grazon P+D Milestone, Chaparral Redeem *** 7 Surmount *** 365 day hay restriction for lactating dairy cattle

40 Mustards (Brassica sp.) Poisonous principle: mustard oil (isothiocyanates). Animals poisoned: pigs, cattle, horses. All plant parts are toxic. Severe gastroenteritis due to mucous membrane irritation 40

41 Wild Mustard: Brassica kaber Winter annual broadleaf Fibrous root system Banvel 1 pt/acre; PastureGard 1.5 pt/acre 2,4-D amine, Crossbow, Remedy, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) Curtail 3 qt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Telar XP 0.5 oz/acre; Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre Overdrive 6 oz/acre

42 Wild radish: raphanus raphanistrum; winter annual bdlf Banvel 1 pt/acre stout taproot 2,4-D amine, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) Crossbow 2 qt/acre Curtail 3 qt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre; Overdrive 6 oz/acre

43 Henbit winter annual broadleaf Milestone pt/acre Banvel 1 pt/acre Weedmaster 1.5 pt/acre preflower 3 pt/acre flower ForeFront 1 qt/acre Crossbow 3 qt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre Cimarron Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Telar XP 0.5 oz/acre Chaparral 2.25 oz/acre Overdrive 6 oz/acre

44 Common chickweed: winter annual broadleaf Banvel 1 pt/acre Grazon P+D, PastureGard, Surmount, Weedmaster (1.5 pt/acre) ForeFront 1 qt/acre; Crossbow 2 qt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max oz + 1 pt/acre Telar XP 0.5 oz/a; Chaparral 3 oz/a; Overdrive 6 oz/a

45 Mouseear chickweed: winter annual broadleaf Banvel 1 pt/acre Grazon P+D, PastureGard, Surmount, Weedmaster (1.5 pt/acre) Crossbow 3 qt/acre; Cimarron Plus oz/acre Cimarron Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre

46 Carolina Geranium: winter annual broadleaf Banvel, Redeem R&P, Remedy (1 pt/acre) 2,4-D amine, PastureGard, Surmount, Weedmaster (1.5 to 2 pt/acre) Crossbow 3 qt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Telar XP 1 oz/a; Chaparral 1.75 oz/a; Overdrive 6 oz/a

47 Buttercup species: perennial broadleaf Weedmaster 1 to 3 pt (preflower to late bloom) 2,4-D amine 2 pt/acre; Grazon P+D 3 pt/acre Redeem R&P 2.5 pt/acre for hairy buttercup Crossbow 1 qt/acre annuals, 3 qt/acre perennials Milestone pt/acre; ForeFront 2 pt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Telar XP 1 oz/a; Chaparral 2 oz/a; Overdrive 6 oz/a

48 Spiny sowthistle: winter annual broadleaf Aim 2 oz/acre; Banvel 1.5 pt/acre 2,4-D amine, ForeFront, Redeem R&P, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) Grazon P+D 3 pt/acre; Crossbow, Curtail (3 qt/acre) Cimarron Plus rate?; Cimarron Max 0.5 oz + 2 pt/acre Telar XP 0.5 oz/a; Chaparral 2 oz/a; Overdrive 6 oz/a

49 Horseweed: annual broadleaf (winter or summer?) Banvel, Surmount (1.5 pt/acre) Crossbow, ForeFront, Redeem, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) Grazon P+D 3 pt/acre Curtail 3 qt/acre; Milestone pt/acre Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre; Overdrive 6 oz/acre

50 Curly dock: perennial broadleaf Crossbow, Curtail (3 qt/acre) 2,4-D amine, Grazon P+D, Weedmaster (3 pt/acre) ForeFront, PastureGard, Redeem R&P (2.5 pt/acre) Weedmaster, Banvel, Remedy (2 pt/acre) Surmount, Weedmaster before bolt (1.5 pt/acre) Milestone pt/acre; Redeem 1 pt/acre Overdrive 8 oz/acre; Cimarron Plus oz/a; Cimarron Max Chaparral 2.25 oz/acre

51 % Control Curly Dock Control in a Coastal Bermudagrass Pasture Treated Mar lsd p=.05 Banvel 4SL 1 qt/a RUMCR May 20 Cimarron + NIS 0.1 oz/a % Cimarron Max + NIS 0.25 oz+1 pt/a % Cimarron Plus 63WG oz/a % Forefront 3EC + NIS 2.3 pt/a % Grazon P+D 2.54L 1 qt/a % Redeem 3SL + NIS 2.5 pt/a % Check 2009: Jones County

52 % Control Curly Dock Control in a Coastal Bermudagrass Pasture Treated Mar RUMCR May lsd p= : Jones County Aim 2EC + NIS 2 fl oz/a % Outrider 75WG + NIS 1.33 oz/a % Weedar L 3 pt/a Remedy Ultra 4EC 1 qt/a Telar XP 75WG + NIS 1 oz/a % Weedmaster 3.87L + NIS 1.5 pt/a % Check

53 Cutleaf eveningprimrose: biennial broadleaf Banvel, ForeFront, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) PastureGard 2.5 pt/acre Milestone pt/acre Cimarron Plus oz/acre (tankmix with 2,4-D helps) Telar XP 0.5 oz/acre; Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre Overdrive 6 oz/acre

54 Buckhorn plantain: perennial broadleaf Banvel, Redeem R&P, Remedy, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) ForeFront, PastureGard 2.5 pt/acre 2,4-D amine, Grazon P+D (3 pt/acre) Crossbow, Curtail (3 qt/acre) Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Chaparral 2.25 oz/acre; Overdrive 8 oz/acre

55 Common dandelion: perennial broadleaf Banvel 1.5 pt/acre ForeFront, Redeem R&P, Weedmaster (2 pt/acre) 2,4-D amine 3 pt/acre Crossbow, Curtail (3 qt/acre) Cim. Plus oz/acre; Cim. Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre; Overdrive 8 oz/acre

56 White clover: perennial broadleaf ForeFront, Surmount, Weedmaster (1.5 pt/acre) Banvel, Redeem R&P, Remedy (1 qt/acre) PastureGard 2.5 pt/acre; Grazon P+D 3 pt/acre Curtail 2 qt/acre; Crossbow 3 qt/acre Cimarron Plus to oz/acre; Overdrive 8 oz/a Cimarron Max 0.5 oz + 2 pt/acre; Chaparral 1.75 oz/a

57 Thistle Control Late fall or early spring application Treat at rosette leaf stage Crossbow 4 qt/acre; Curtail 3 qt/acre 2,4-D ester - 2 qt/acre Grazon P+D 1.5 qt/acre Banvel, ForeFront, Surmount, Weedmaster (1 qt/acre) Redeem R&P 1 qt/a biennials, 2 qt/a perennials Milestone pt/acre Cimarron Plus 0.25 to 1.25 oz/acre Cimarron Max 0.5 oz + 2 pt/acre Telar XP 1 oz/acre (Musk thistle) Chaparral 1 to 3 oz/acre; Overdrive 8 oz/acre

58 Wild garlic: clump forming perennial Feb - Mar application of Cimarron Plus to 0.25 oz/acre Cimarron Max 0.25 oz + 1 pt/acre Chaparral 1.75 oz/acre 2,4-D amine 3 qt/acre (add 0.25% NIS)

59 Postemergence Weed Control in Hay Crops (Summer Annuals & Warm Season Perennials) Control April mid July when these weeds have germinated, are young, are actively growing, not producing seedheads Influenced by temperature, rain, crop canopy and growth stage (seeded, sprigged, well established?)

60 Summer Grass Weed Control If bermudagrass field is maintained as pasture, hay or forage field, there are no herbicides for grass weed control except for bahiagrass and johnsongrass; unless bermudagrass injury can be tolerated.

61 Bermudagrass Pasture Summer Grass Herbicides (Probable Fescue Injury) Metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron (Cimarron Plus) oz/a Metsulfuron + Weedmaster (Cimarron Max) 0.33 oz/a metsulfuron pt/a Weedmaster Metsulfuron + aminopyralid (Chaparral) 2 to 2.5 oz/a Pensacola bahiagrass, broadleaf weeds also (Spray May to early June before seedheads form)

62 Metsulfuron

63 Chaparral Combinations Applied May 11, 2009 Photo Jun 8, 2009

64 Bermudagrass and Bahiagrass Pastures Outrider 75WG (sulfosulfuron) Monsanto Company Controls Johnsongrass Purple nutsedge Yellow nutsedge Annual sedge and green kyllinga Up to 2 oz/a % v/v NIS

65 Johnsongrass Nitrate Levels 0.25% okay for feeding 0.5% slight risk if pregnant Johnsongrass can be >2% (deadly) Heavy fertilizer when droughty Cyanide Production Drought, frost, trampled 2 nd growth Poisoned horses stagger and have difficulty breathing

66 % Control Purple Nutsedge Control in Common Bermudagrass Using Sulfosulfuron Sulfosulfuron + NIS 1.25 oz/a % Sulfosulfuron + NIS 2 oz/a % WAT 6 WAT 12 WAT 20 WAT Sprayed May 4, 2005: New Hanover Co. Check

67 Outrider Label - Purple Nutsedge Initiate early May to early Jun in normal seasons before tuber formation and reproduction occurs Reapply no sooner than 40 days after initial application and only if you see regrowth or new growth Do not exceed 2 applications or 2.66 oz per acre per year ***If you have severe infestations, thin stands, decent rainfall expect to make 2 applications

68 Postemergence Weed Control in Hay Crops (Summer Annuals & Warm Season Perennials) Use many of the same broadleaf herbicides listed for winter annuals and cool season perennial weeds.

69 Herbicides Labeled at Pasture Seeding None Herbicides Labeled at Pasture Sprigging Direx 4L Dupont 0.8 to 2.4 qt/a for pre weed control Plant sprigs at least 2 inches deep to minimize injury Crabgrass, foxtail, sandbur, seedling johnsongrass, lambsquarter, pigweed, ragweed

70 Herbicides Labeled for Pasture Seedlings Banvel Up to 1 pint/a for new seedlings Weedmaster Up to 2 pint/a for new seedlings 2 to 4 pint/a for new stolons Broadleaf weed control only

71 Herbicides Labeled for Well Established Pastures All other herbicides listed in previous charts must be applied to well established grass. Most labels don t define what well established means. Exceptions Crossbow and Curtail can be applied after tillering. Cimarron (Max and Plus) can be applied to 2 month bermuda or 24 month tall fescue.

72 Plants Poisonous to Horses Showy crotalaria Sweet clover Groundsel Black cherry White snakeroot Black locust Black nightshade Horsenettle Casterbean Poison hemlock Marijuana Bitter sneezeweed Bracken fern Red buckeye Butterfly milkweed Hemp dogbane Lantana Red maple Mustard species Perilla mint Pokeweed

73 Plants Poisonous to Cattle Showy crotalaria Sweet clover Black locust Black cherry White snakeroot Brackenfern Choke cherry Black nightshade Horsenettle Ground-cherry Poison hemlock Butterfly milkweed Jimsonweed Pigweed spp. Cocklebur Buttercup spp. Milkweed species Bitter sneezeweed Sicklepod Hemp dogbane Lantana Hemp sesbania Mustard species Perilla mint Red maple Casterbean Pokeweed Red buckeye Marijuana Cherry laurel Casterbean Coffee senna Johnsongrass